tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31739538101740515242024-02-19T18:07:33.467+01:00our statures touch the skiesshort biographies of famous disabled people from historyTom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.comBlogger56125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-75852552785614736372015-01-10T11:59:00.002+01:002015-01-10T11:59:30.072+01:00Leaving the best till last? Goya, Klee and Matisse
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">What comes
to mind when you think of disability?
Perhaps the child born with a genetic condition, or the person in the
prime of life who becomes spinal cord injured.
But only 5% of children and only 10% of working age adults are
disabled. The majority of people become
disabled in later life, and artists are no exception. What interests me is how personal experience
of illnesss and impairment is often ignored when it comes to thinking about
creative people. The lives of three
artists in particular show how restriction created by ageing or disease can
open up new possibilities.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Throughout
history, disability has led to isolation, either because people are excluded
and shunned by their community, or else because their mobility or communication
problems make it hard for them to participate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The upside of isolation can be a blossoming of creativity, if a talented
individual is forced to concentrate on art.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For example, David Hockney has said that his deafness makes it easier
for him to concentrate on the visual.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But
isolation can also lead to frustration and resentment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I think this phenomenon may have contributed
to the greatest works of one of the nineteenth century’s most dramatic and
influential painters.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;">Francisco
Goya was born in Aragon, Northern Spain, in 1746.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For most of his first fifty years, he mainly
painted </span><span lang="EN-US">society portraits,
light-hearted studies, historical scenes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Then two things turned his world upside down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First, Spain was torn apart by the conflict
and cruelty of the Napoleonic wars.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Then, his life was changed by the deafness that he experienced after an
illness in 1793, which might have been meningitis or possibly the effect of lead
poisoning from the paint that he would have ground by hand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whatever the cause, the symptoms must have
felt like a nightmare.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He suffered
constant noise in his head, his balance was affected, and he was continually
nauseous.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Either as a consequence or by
coincidence, he also seems to have suffered a period of depression around this time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He went to Cadiz, in Andalucia to convalesce
at the home of the book and art collector Sebastian Martinez.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A benefit of this visit was that it gave him
the chance of looking through his friend’s vast collection of prints – which
probably included work by Blake, Hogarth, Gainsborough that would have been a
revelation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Deafness deprived Goya of music and conversation, two
parts of life that he greatly enjoyed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the early years of the new century, his
wife and his best friend from childhood both died.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was also hauled in front of the Spanish
Inquisition to justify his famously erotic painting of the Naked Maja.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result of this increased isolation, he seems
to have become more introspective.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His
work now includes new elements that suggests he was having some morbid thoughts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was still painting the portraits of
Kings, Duchesses and Ambassadors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But in
the 1790s, he also depicted prisons and house-fires and shipwrecks and lunatic
asylums and witches Sabbaths.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then he
made the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Caprichos</i> series of
acquatints, most of which are savagely satirical and which consequently caused
grave offence to the church.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Blowers, number 48 in the series of 80, shows people being tortured by the
noises of animals and witches, perhaps reflecting his own experience of
tinnitus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Around 1808, he engraved his
great series of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Disasters of War</i>
etchings, photojournalism before the invention of the camera, testifying to the
atrocities committed by both sides in the Peninsular conflict.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">In those first years of the new century, it’s hard to
know whether it was the dreadful political situation, or bereavement, or
deafness which contributed most to this new, darker Goya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nor should we ignore the wider context of
Romanticism </span><span lang="EN-US">that
saw artists and writers turning away from the rationality of the age in favour
of raw nature and emotion</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Goya called a 1799 print “the sleep of reason
produces monsters”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was in this
context that Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein in 1816. Goya’s own most famous
contribution to the horror genre came with the so-called Black Paintings,
murals with which he decorated the country retreat outside Madrid he bought in
February 1819. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That villa was called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Quinta del Sordo</i>, ‘the house of the deaf
man’, not after Goya himself, but because a deaf farmer had previously lived in
the district.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was here that the 75 year old Goya painted 14
separate paintings over a total of 55 square yards of wall,. The subjects
include a witches Sabbath, a pilgrimage, scenes of the Fates flying through the
air, another picture of two witches flying towards a huge mountain, while down
below two Napoleonic soldiers try to shoot them down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are a lot of haunting eyes in these
scenes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Black is the dominant
colour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As brilliant and original as these paintings
are, it’s hard to understand why Goya wanted to fill his summer house with such
darkness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most famous and harrowing
image is of Saturn eating his child, crazed with fear and despair. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">The precise interpretation of these scenes may remain
a mystery, but their impact on the history of art has is undeniable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The paintings were removed from the walls,
and exhibited in Paris in 1878, when they were considered the work of a
madman.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the Impressionists
admired them greatly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The influence of
these coruscating paintings can be seen in Surrealists like Salvador Dali, in
the work of Francis Bacon, and in other twentieth century expressionists.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">A year after that exhibition of Goya’s
paintings in Paris, the artist Paul Klee was born in Switzerland.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;">I love his paintings, and when I worked in Geneva at the WHO, I
went as often as I could to the Zentrum Paul Klee on the edge of Berne.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For
me, Klee’s work is associated with delicacy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His watercolours seem suffused with music.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was Klee, after all, who described drawing
as ‘taking a line for a walk’. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;">His paintings give me a sense of
joy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He once wrote "the picture has
no particular purpose. It only has the purpose of making us happy".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;">There’s
a photograph of Klee from 1935 which I really like. He is standing next to his
wife Lily, wearing his dressing gown and holding his pipe. He has the trace of
a smile on his face, and his cat, Bimbo, is climbing down from his shoulders. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">But 1935 was
the year that Paul Klee suffered two disasters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The first came as a result of the Nazi rise to power.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Klee was dismissed from his post as a
Professor of Art at the Bauhaus school of art, and the school was closed down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paul and Lily emigrated to Berne, Switzerland,
leaving friends and artistic colleagues behind. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Afterwards, he was labeled a degenerate artist
by the Nazis, and his work compared to that of people with schizophrenia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Also in 1935,
Klee contracted measles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By autumn he
was suffering the symptoms of scleroderma. The condition is a chronic systemic
autoimmune disease, predominantly affecting the skin, but also the heart, lungs
and kidneys. The stress of his treatment by the Nazis may have contributed to
the disease.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In that era, there was no
treatment available, although Klee visited several health spas to try and
relieve the illness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The scleroderma
would have caused him considerable pain, and it meant the end of two of his
favourite occupations - <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>playing the
violin and going for long walks in the mountains.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the
initial health crisis, Klee's creative output fell away.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1936, he only made 25 works.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But astonishingly, by 1937, his health had
stabilized, and he was able to work again.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In 1938, he made 482 works and in 1939, he made 1, 253 pictures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was as if he was racing against time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As he wrote in a letter to his dealer, “As
I’m no longer young, I would like to realize whatever I can.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This requires a constant willingness to avail
oneself of every opportunity. In short, utter concentration.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;">This final
flowering of Paul Klee’s art was different.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He made fewer paintings, and more drawings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some pictures still retain his </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;">childlike
experimentation, for example<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>"Children's game".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But
many of these late</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;"> works feature thick black hieroglyphs, which in a letter
to his son he called “secret codes”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Whereas before, all was fluid and graceful, now the rhythm is more
ominous. The lines are hobbling: no longer do they go for a stroll.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maybe this
comment from Klee is relevant:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“He has
found his style when he cannot do otherwise”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;">The subjects
are darker too, with a preoccupation with fate and illness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, i</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;">n his
last year, his "Eidola" series of drawings depict archetypal figures
existing in a realm between life and death. A photograph of Paul Klee from
February 20 1940, a few months before his death, shows how his skin has been
affected by his disease, his mouth is set in the tight line of one suffering
pain, and there is a haunted look in his eyes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>With his shrunken, masklike face, he looks much older than 60.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A self-portrait drawing that he did at this
time, probably taken from this photograph, was entitled “Endure!”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another drawing shows a person with the
crippled hands and masklike face of someone with scleroderma, although the
title “A Creator” shows how Klee maintains his identity even under the
onslaught of chronic illness. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of
his last works “Death and Fire” shows a stick person grimacing, his face white against
an orange red sky.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The lines that form his eye, nose and mouth
also spell out the German word <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tod</i>,
for death.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As with Goya, w</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;">e can’t be
sure whether this powerful image reflected Paul Klee’s personal suffering, or
his anguish at the destruction brought about by war.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">So far,
these stories of late onset disability have been all about horror and
pain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But here’s a more optimistic
engagement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Earlier this year, I managed
to get to Tate Modern on the final day of the exhibition of Matisse
cut-outs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Half a million people visiting
this blockbuster dedicated to the joyful, lyrical dancing figures and patterns that
were the work of Henri Matisse’s later years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Earlier in
his career, Matisse had used cut paper to help with colour choices for a mural,
and in 1936 he made a cut paper cover for the magazine <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cahiers d’Art</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But his
adoption of cut-outs as his medium in the post-war period was necessitated by
his health, not freely chosen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aged 71,
he had undergone surgery for cancer in 1941, resulting in a colostomy and the
loss of stomach muscles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From then on,
he spent much time in bed, and relied on a wheelchair to get around.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This meant that it was impossible for him to
paint freely as he had before.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Faced
with these restrictions, he turned again to the decoupage technique, first
painting and then cutting shapes, which his assistant could pin and re-pin to
the wall of his room, until he was satisfied with the effect.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In a 1952
interview, Matisse explained: “You see, as I am obliged to remain often in bed
because of the state of my health, I have made a little garden all around me
where I can walk… there are leaves, fruits, a bird”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His cut paper took the form of undersea
creatures, stars, as well as abstract compositions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This work is full of life and joy, although
it has sometimes been dismissed as being more about decoration than art.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some have seen the cut-outs as no more than a
delightful distraction from the real paintings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>To me, this seems snobbery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There is a direct line from the famous 1909 and 1910 pictures of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dance,</i> with those red primeval figures cavorting
in a ring, to the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acrobats </i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Blue Nudes</i> which Matisse cut out in the
1940s. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He is still making very careful choices about
line and shape and above all, colour. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Every
child has now made a cut paper picture in nursery school, just as a mobile
hangs above her bed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But this does not
make the Matisse cut-outs or the mobiles first designed by Alexander Calder any
less original or significant in the history of art.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;">From his hotel
bedroom, Matisse </span><span lang="EN-US">designed
the Chapel of the Rosary for a community of Dominican nuns in Vence in the
south of France.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He did the stained
glass windows and the murals and the bell tower and the altar crucifix and
candlesticks and the holy water stoups and even the firework patterns of the
priest’s vestments. This huge undertaking of</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;"> his final
decade, which he made so feverishly, was no less intense and no less important
than his early paintings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In his
swansong, he achieved a new boldness and simplicity, forced to concentrate on
the things that mattered – line, shape and colour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With his dressmaking scissors, he cut as
deliberately and as carefully as he had once painted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The success of 83 year old Matisse’s new
approach to making art reminds us that often the adversity of disability can
prompt resourcefulness, and that adaptation can generate new possibilities.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1a1a;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">For Matisse,
a different creative technique, forced on him by his disability, opened up new
possibilities for creating joy in old age.
For Goya, isolation imposed on
him by deafness combined with the revulsion he felt at conflict and corruption
to generate the horrors of the Casa del Sordo.
For Klee, pain and suffering could not stop him painting and drawing,
but his work became heavier and more deeply felt than before. Each artist was forced by age and illness to
do things differently. All of them showed
how wrong it would be prematurely to write off disabled people. This is what Desmond O’Neill has called the art
of the demographic dividend, and it should give us hope for our own old age.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-19800099431513558082015-01-10T11:55:00.002+01:002015-01-10T11:56:26.714+01:00Lucy Jones (1955- ) <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lucy Jones may
well be the best British painter who you’ve never heard of. There is no doubt
about her disability, because she was born with cerebral palsy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But she has no intention of identifying as a
disabled artist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She is a simply an
artist, and a very, very good one at that.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">I hadn’t heard of
her either, until a friend of mine tipped me off about her show last year at
Kings Place, London.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The next chance I
went into the Gallery to see it and it blew me away, walls full of vibrant
self-portraits and landscapes. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lucy
Jones is an expressionist, oozing hot Mediterranean colours that we would
normally associate with someone like Matisse or Derain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her canvasses are full of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>energy. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">I was so excited that this painter was doing work of the
first order, had never been part of the disability arts world, but was a
leading British painter, that I tracked her down to discover more.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I met her in Newcastle, where her show
transferred after London.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We had dinner
with mutual friends, and then met in a tea shop in Whitley Bay to talk some
more, dragging our wheelchairs and walking frames behind us.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lucy Jones was born in 1955.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She told me about her early years, crawling
around after her dad, painting the skirting boards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While
her sister went to ballet class, she went to the Byam Shaw Art School <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Notting Hill from age 7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When
she won a prize for her work, her mum was gob-smacked, she said.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lucy went to Cheyne Walk Spastics Centre, and then to King
Alfred’s, a progressive school in North London, “the only one that would have
me”, she says.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There, her humiliations
were about dyslexia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nobody could
understand why she couldn’t read.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Luckily, there was a very good art department.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even more fortunately, she got an amanuensis
when she reached O levels, and suddenly she could express by dictating what she
could never have written down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Having
only ever got an A for effort, now she was getting good grades and feeling like
a real person.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Geography at Durham University beckoned.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">But Lucy Jones chose art school, and went back to Byam
Shaw for a couple of years , where she says that the best thing she was taught
was colour theory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then she went to
Camberwell School of Art, where she got a first, and to the Royal College for
her MA followed by the Rome Scholarship for Painting, which took her to Italy
for two years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After that, she taught at
Chelsea College of Art and the Slade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But she never became part of the metropolitan art scene.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was an old boys network, she told me.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was all about going to the pub – she
couldn’t get into the pub, being disabled, and partying till the early hours
wasn’t for her. She pursued her work in a cold, East End warehouse studio until
she was spotted and taken on by a West End gallery.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Ten years ago, she moved to Shropshire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With her family, she had often holidayed in
South Wales.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of her earliest
memories was of being sat in a rock pool on Pembroke beach and nearly drowning,
only noticed by her Dad after her screams and she was saved. She would sail
with her Dad in a boat, outside in all weathers, feeling in the moment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now, after moving away from London, she felt
rebalanced, with her own garden and allotment: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“I can crawl from weed to weed pulling them
out hour upon hour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I can eat what I
grow – gorge myself on fruit so good that it lies beyond the dusty expectations
of London, as does the landscape, and evoke memories of the occasional taste,
as a child, of the perfect strawberry.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lucy and I now exchange regular email updates
about the progress of our gardening, our successes and failures.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">Where previously
her landscapes had shown Thames views, now they depict parts of the countryside
around Ludlow where she now lives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They’re vast and bright and absorbing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She talks about<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“depicting the
surface memories of life, perhaps with some nostalgia, as if we see the world
not as it is - but through our projections and hopes.”</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">She says that in order to paint, you have to inhabit the
landscape and become part off it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She
gets out of the car and kneels on the ground, doing a preliminary
watercolour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or she crawls into a field.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She’s out there to record what she feels and
sees, not sketching but using paints or pastels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She’s trying to cram a 3 dimensional
experience into a 2 dimensional space.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She’s cold and wet and doing the only thing
she can.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Back in her studio, she selects something on paper, and
makes a painting of it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She told me “I have not got a natural
facility.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Every single brushstroke I
have to fight for.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She creates rhythms
and vibrations of colour, like Matisse or Derain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Being
in the country after London, she had to make her peace with green.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are no figures in her landscapes, no
narratives, because she doesn’t want baggage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Just a vivid presence, a real sense of place, a heightened sensibility
to movement and colour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The critic Matthew<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Collings talks of her saying “a fond yes to
landscape, to the uplifting feeling of being out there in the atmosphere,
loving its effects: light, wind, heat, the constant changes, the sense of
timelessness.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The canvases are huge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She has many of them going at once.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She works on them flat on the floor of her Ludlow studio, and then props
the work in progress against the wall to have a look at it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Often, she goes back to paintings a year
later and reworks them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But she says,
the responsibility of the artist is to know the right moment to stop.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">I’m awed by the physical efforts and the integrity which
goes into the landscapes, but it’s the self-portraits which I am particularly
interested in.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Describing them, she
says that:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
</span><span lang="EN-US">“Painting is like slowly taking bits of myself out of a
box and beginning to examine them...<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
use myself to find out about the funny and surprising, the awkwardness and
ambivalence of looking and moving differently.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I look at the hidden parts, which cannot be seen by the outside gaze.”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Her series of self-portraits began when she went to work
in Rome.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was cheaper to paint herself
than to use a model.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now she has two
full length mirrors in her studio.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But
it’s not an egotistical interest. I think it’s more like research into the
awkwardness of being human, a kind of reconciliation with her condition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The portraits are very expressive,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>powerfully emotional, with piercing eyes
always looking straight out at the viewer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Eyes are very important in self-portraits, she tells me.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">These days, she writes a lot as well, using software for
people with dyslexia, and sometimes text creeps onto the painting, perhaps
lettered backwards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sometimes the work
is funny too.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One typical portrait is a
metre and a half by more than two meters, and shows her in a striped black and
red top, like Minnie the Minx, above light blue trousers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her head is tilted back.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her hands are grasping her walker, the
mobility device she needs to get around.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The background is a deep indigo, against which her green face draws the
attention, with those powerful eyes. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s called “Lucy in the sky”, an example of
her habit of choosing wry titles for these works.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Her images are unflinching about her physique.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A rear view shows her bottom jutting out with
the distinctive posture caused by her cerebral palsy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her head is often angled on one side.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We see her in her bra, or naked.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She seems to be daring us to be embarrassed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over and over again she is trying to
communicate herself, capture herself in those vivid colours.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Some self-portraits show some of the everyday
paraphernalia of impairment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A walking
frame.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A walking stick.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In one painting, a stick is hovering near the
bottom of the blue canvas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lucy, in
bright red trousers, is walking down the right hand edge of the picture, eyes
fixated on the stick ahead of her, and glasses falling towards the bottom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The title? “It’s a long way to the bottom of this
canvas.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I am currently negotiating with
her gallery to have this image as the cover of my new book on disability.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">But what does disability mean to Lucy Jones?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s
not much mentioned in her exhibitions or brief <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>biography.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She tells me about being on holiday in Penang, Thailand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She saw a disabled man in a pen, segregated
and powerless.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She had a moment of
recognition, when she thought that in a different life, that would have been
her.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The vision haunted her, and a year later, she
went back to try and find him, without success.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She also
talks about a sense of disjointedness, of being the only one like her, of not
fitting in, but never talking about it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She is wary of people taking control, of taking her over or putting her
down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She has ploughed her own furrow,
and fiercely defended her own vision.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She’s been married for a while now, which has made her life richer, and
I think calmer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her husband is an
accountant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He says he knows nothing about art, but he’s
obviously quietly supportive of her work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They seem to be true partners in a shared enterprise of life.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">None of the other artists I have discussed in this series
of essays would have identified as being disabled.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most of them lived at a time when the
category “disability” did not even exist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For them, illness and impairment was just a part of life, not a key to
identity. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For Lucy, it’s different.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There’s now a disability movement out
there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>People are wheeling down the
street, with banners and songs and pride.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This opens up new ways of being a disabled person, and it also changes
the possibilities for being a disabled artist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Back in the 1980s and 1990s, a new breed of disabled artist emerged,
people who were making work about struggle or self-consciously using art to
challenge oppression.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I did it myself,
standing up on stage to make jokes about social workers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The best of these disabled artists have gone
beyond this agit-prop approach and are now doing great work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But disability arts is still very much seen
within the disability niche or the community arts niche.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A major institution like Tate will flirt with
the radical fringe, but they won’t put the work on the walls.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">I don’t think that this is what Lucy Jones is about.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Toulouse-Lautrec or Paul Klee or British Nigerian artist Yinka Shonibare,
she is an artist who happens to be disabled.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She does not use art as a political strategy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She does not even want to be categorized as a
disabled artist, because it feels to her like a limitation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cerebral palsy and dyslexia and depression
are part of her biography, but they’re not on the label for the artwork, any
more than being a woman or living in Ludlow should define her or explain what
she does.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">If I say they are political”,
she tells me, “they will be grabbed by somebody, leaving me feeling boxed
in”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She wants her portraits to offer a
universal comment on humanity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And so
they do, in the same way that Rembrandt’s did.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">While respecting Lucy’s perspective, I want to claim her as a role
model for what disabled people can do, just as I want to claim all the artists
in this series, and many more besides who have made great creative
contributions, either despite or even because of their illness or
impairment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I want to say that humanity
is diverse, our experiences and physiques and mentalities are diverse, and that
this is reflected in our lives, and to a certain extent in our
achievements.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Someone like Lucy Jones has struggled against the current to become a
successful artist, in ways that a privileged non-disabled person who follows a
traditional route to fame has never dreamt of.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>We need to remove the barriers so that more people have a chance of
going to art school, of being nurtured, of flourishing and expressing
themselves in the mainstream.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We don’t
want a niche, a separate enclave of “disability art”, but we do want to be
there, represented alongside the Young British Artists or the Royal
Academicians or the Tate blockbuster exhibitions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We can do that by being non-discriminatory,
by being accessible, by recognizing that talent knows no boundaries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And we can also do that by celebrating the
great artists with disabilities of the past and of the present.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Lucy Jones is a tremendously powerful painter. She is also
a very honest person, who is not afraid to be vulnerable, as I found out when I
talked with her over tea and cake in that Whitley Bay cafe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
felt like we made a real connection, which has been sustained since those
meetings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite this vulnerability,
her paintings have an enormous power and self-confidence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It feels to me like painting enables her to
rise above the struggles of having a disability in a world that is so often
unwelcoming.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She operates within a
hidden tradition of artists with impairments. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As they did in their own time with words, and
scissors and chalks, and fabrications, so she too now masters life through
paint.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-58481557392236851532014-12-20T16:10:00.001+01:002014-12-20T17:56:37.413+01:00Judith Scott (1943-2005)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjocfjKPnXke4peBKSaHF8zZLS2u6ZjkmPzCQeATeFN5M-6y8MNtDJ6yTJNOF5SZIvSdqtl8XIPPCXMEfZq8ZC_uSJNJ_XRf4i3aPs_Z1CAnJ6YhRE0_tQs_C5AIvz36Dqk0tWpJo5LRKV8/s1600/judithscottphoto2-artist0001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjocfjKPnXke4peBKSaHF8zZLS2u6ZjkmPzCQeATeFN5M-6y8MNtDJ6yTJNOF5SZIvSdqtl8XIPPCXMEfZq8ZC_uSJNJ_XRf4i3aPs_Z1CAnJ6YhRE0_tQs_C5AIvz36Dqk0tWpJo5LRKV8/s1600/judithscottphoto2-artist0001.jpg" height="315" width="320" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>She couldn’t hear, couldn’t speak and had Down syndrome.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She spent years in an institution, until her
twin sister rescued her.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet today, her
textile pieces are held in museums throughout the world and sell for tens of
thousands of dollars.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> T</span>his profoundly disabled person was at the same time a great
artist, whose work has bought pleasure to many.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Judith and Joyce Scott were twins, born into a middle class family in
Cincinnati, Ohio. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As small children, the
two girls were dressed alike, played together, and were encouraged to
participate equally.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Joyce later wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">"At first we lived unaware and unafraid. In the
sandbox where we played, pouring sand in each other's hair, wiggling toes in
wetness, making our leaf and stick dishes and dinners, we still felt only the
innocence of our soft skin and earthy explorations. But the forces pulling at
us and threatening us grew as we grew. No longer wrapped in the protective web
of our family's ties alone, we soon joined the neighborhood. There Judy was
seen as different - and to a few ignorant and fearful souls, different meant
dangerous. Our next-door neighbors refused to let her in their yard. Currents
growing, doors slamming shut."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">But Judith was born with Down syndrome, and after an attack of Scarlet
Fever, she also lost her hearing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When
she was tested for entry to special school, her deafness meant that she did not
respond to verbal questions, and so she was thought uneducable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At age 7, her parents, acting on the medical
advice of the time, sent her away to a residential institution for people with
profound intellectual disability, where she would stay for the next 35 years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Very distressed at being parted from her
sister, Judith was seen as a disruptive presence on the wards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Joyce wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">"The State Institution was a terrible place - worse than terrible -
full of the awful sounds and smells of human suffering and abandonment. It
still lives in my nightmares. That Judy is not haunted, that she has not been
destroyed is a testament to the human spirit and most especially to hers. There
is no doubt that institutional life has left its mark. Her habit of stealing
small bits and pieces, of hoarding things, of being initially suspicious of
strangers and of tending to isolate herself, these all reflect those terrible
times. Her incredible ability to persevere and to sustain her focus, to hear
her own inner voice, may also come from those years of crowded aloneness."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">However, in 1986, her sister Joyce fought to get Judith out of the
institution, and Judith lived together with Joyce and her family in
California.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later she moved into a
community home, which meant that she enrolled at Creative Growth Arts Center,
in Oakland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She started in the painting
class, where she showed no particular talent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Several years later, she saw
people working with textiles with a visiting fiber artist, Sylvia Seventy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Judith Scott immediately gravitated to that
medium, and created her own way of working.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Her pieces consist of found objects, which she carefully wrapped in
coloured fibre.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She would appropriate
any object lying around the studios that she felt like, to act as the core of
her sculptures, including once an electric fan, and at least one set of car
keys. Each piece might take weeks of careful wrapping and weaving and knotting until
she was satisfied.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sometimes reminiscent
of the figures of Alberto Giacometti, the results might look like strange
animals or totem poles, or cocoons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Often, they come in pairs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As
soon as she had finished one artwork, she would begin on the next one.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgovGcVS7Q4Ej0QjqA8vFTZEsQFAIq3eC1n_FK0QvcNzoCEY16IPmFJeFXg-qLf-EGFB_3M87IXqrD8smWqMmJhTJ5bIfY51oVGgvrsOl0mRDeS1g51AO77plPBdfLrtzBtDoa6t_ySgzKs/s1600/Scott+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgovGcVS7Q4Ej0QjqA8vFTZEsQFAIq3eC1n_FK0QvcNzoCEY16IPmFJeFXg-qLf-EGFB_3M87IXqrD8smWqMmJhTJ5bIfY51oVGgvrsOl0mRDeS1g51AO77plPBdfLrtzBtDoa6t_ySgzKs/s1600/Scott+2.jpg" height="181" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Judith worked as an artist for five days a week for eighteen years, and
produced over 200 sculptures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her work
is collected in public museums, such<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as
MOMA, New York or the American Museum of Folk Art, and private collections all
over the world: she has become one of the most famous of all Outsider Artists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> As well as a critical study by John MacGregor, s</span>he was the subject of four different documentary
films, in which she appears as almost regal, wearing a large hat, and firmly
determined to make her work in the way she wanted, often carrying the large pile of
glossy magazines, which she liked to look at.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Critic Eve Sedgewirk talks of her as "the holder of an obscure treasure". Rachel Adams writes: "</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Looking at a piece by Judith Scott, our
eyes are invited to function as organs of touch, sensing the texture and heft
of the artifact, becoming aware of the relationship between our own bodies and
the work of art."</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO-yNu9oddXtpEPc6RMaoCETHUJ0x6tVHibX-Ud1zK0j4hSkOpAr9mRZHO5SwpkxnckmXpfGI1rnpWKKiY9z1bgWqttmvQHm0QHohqeZ-6HrsWDxkOJezTR52svUewhslBjK24ogyXzBS0/s1600/Judith+Scott+exhib.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO-yNu9oddXtpEPc6RMaoCETHUJ0x6tVHibX-Ud1zK0j4hSkOpAr9mRZHO5SwpkxnckmXpfGI1rnpWKKiY9z1bgWqttmvQHm0QHohqeZ-6HrsWDxkOJezTR52svUewhslBjK24ogyXzBS0/s1600/Judith+Scott+exhib.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Until the end, Judith remained very close to her sister and to her
sister’s family, and it was in Joyce’s arms that she died of heart failure,
aged 61.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Links<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Judith Scott’s work can currently be seen in an exhibition called <a href="http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/judith_scott/" target="_blank">Bound and unbound</a> at Brooklyn Museum until March 29 2015. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">There’s also a review of the show in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/02/opinion/an-artist-who-wrapped-and-bound-her-work-and-then-broke-free.html?_r=0" target="_blank">New York Times</a></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://judithandjoycescott.com/" target="_blank">Website</a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaQVB8WlOtCGy_6wY2QnBwasU6YBxR-9DnREVJ6lBSu7OovkkuNsKFgfPKfoYZZRw8xlQQeAbi3kPlIWAl45TzDOxgcIGKNim0E-IS4ledxdg1AFh1jCS_S-GpFjM-dI_cYncipkbsGxuY/s1600/Scott+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaQVB8WlOtCGy_6wY2QnBwasU6YBxR-9DnREVJ6lBSu7OovkkuNsKFgfPKfoYZZRw8xlQQeAbi3kPlIWAl45TzDOxgcIGKNim0E-IS4ledxdg1AFh1jCS_S-GpFjM-dI_cYncipkbsGxuY/s1600/Scott+1.jpg" height="320" width="247" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-72076906917037687782014-09-02T19:15:00.000+02:002014-09-02T19:18:23.738+02:00Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv5FvV_TnP2c08F7v7L1DIG1_Baswp6M7GwmZGg4TlqtLfYENnIovaCqKFJ2YRhNx-VETsqIjhlV5funLyrIdiCEsE8SfzAq8uKWCZ3JNc0Dz7YjCHHWMh1E_c27PlrIbWMd5XQcsWW8Rk/s1600/Gramsci.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv5FvV_TnP2c08F7v7L1DIG1_Baswp6M7GwmZGg4TlqtLfYENnIovaCqKFJ2YRhNx-VETsqIjhlV5funLyrIdiCEsE8SfzAq8uKWCZ3JNc0Dz7YjCHHWMh1E_c27PlrIbWMd5XQcsWW8Rk/s1600/Gramsci.png" height="320" width="225" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b>It’s a romantic
tale: a young communist struggling against an authoritarian regime is arrested
on a treason charge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A dramatic trial
follows, and he is consigned to a long sentence, separated from his wife and
family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In prison, he rallies his
comrades, organizing education sessions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It could be the story of Nelson Mandela, except that this would-be
revolutionary came from a poor family, not aristocratic stock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And while Mandela’s tragedy had a redemptive
ending, that of Antonio Gramsci ended in tragedy.</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Antonio Gramsci,
born in Ales, Sardinia on 22 January 1981, was the son of a minor civil
servant, of Albanian descent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a
child, he was frail, and he grew up stunted and hunchbacked.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The family attributed his disability to him
being dropped by a servant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But it seems
rather to have been the result of Pott’s disease (tuberculosis of the bones).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Gramsci’s hard
childhood became harder when his father was imprisoned for alleged
administrative irregularities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Nino”
had to leave school at the age of 12 and work in the local tax office,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>continuing his studies in the evenings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later, he was able to finish the final three
years of secondary school, and he then went to sixth form in Cagliarii, where
he lodged with his brother Gennaro.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Around this time, he began to read socialist magazines and meet other
young people for political discussions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Aged 19, he published his first political article in a Sardinian
daily.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The following year, he won a
scholarship to the University of Turin, where he enrolled as a student of
Letters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was lonely, broke and
exhausted, but he made friends with Angelo Tasca and Palmiro Togliatti, two
other future leaders of the Italian left.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br />
Despite his ill-health, he continued with his studies, but by 1916, he was as
devoted to journalism as to research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Turin was a hot-bed of trades unionism and socialism: he wrote theatre
reviews, articles critical of the war and of nationalism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His intellectual and political life would
always be as much about culture as about revolution.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">The Russian
revolution filled Gramsci and other socialists with hope and excitement,
although a popular uprising in Turin in 1917 was easily crushed, and all the
revolutionary leaders were arrested.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Gramsci was now secretary of the Turin section of the Italian Socialist
Party. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The following two years, the
Biennio Rosso, were a time of revolutionary fervor in northern Italy, and
Gramsci was at the forefront.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was
one of the founders of L’Ordine Nuovo, a socialist review, which operated under
the slogan: “Educate yourselves because we'll need all your intelligence. Stir
yourselves because we'll need all your enthusiasm. Organize yourselves because
we'll need all your strength.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1919,
Gramsci was briefly arrested.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
factory council movement – echoing the Russian Soviets – spread through
Turin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and other northern industrial
cities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In April 1920 a general strike
was observed in Turin, but not in the rest of the country.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1921, Gramsci was one of the founders of
the Italian Communist Party.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
following year, in poor health, he travelled to Moscow as a delegate to the
Communist International.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Shortly after
arrival, illhealth forced Gramsci to spend time in the Serebranyi Bor
Sanatorium, where he met his future wife, Julia Schucht, a Russian violinist.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Back in Italy,
Mussolini’s Fascists came into power that autumn.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>L’Ordine Nuovo was shut down and communists
and socialists in Turin were violently assaulted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Executive committee members of the PCI were
arrested, and a warrant was issued for Gramsci.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">In April 1924,
Gramsci was elected to the Italian Parliament.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Trusting to his immunity as a deputy, Gramsci returned to Italy after a
two year absence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gramsci spoke about
the need for unity of the left, in the face of the Fascist threat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Matteotti, a Socialist deputy who had
denounced Mussolini in the parliament, was murdered by Fascist thugs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By now, the Communist Party was organizing
clandestinely through cells and its leaders were meeting in secret.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1925, Gramsci made his only parliamentary
speech, criticizing the banning of opposition groups.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">In 1926, Julia,
who was expecting their second child (Giuliano) returned to Moscow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unlike other Communist leaders, Gramsci
remained in Italy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He wrote a letter to
the Russian Communist Party to criticize the split between Stalin and Trotsky,
saying “today you risk destroying your own handiwork”, but in Moscow Togliatti suppressed
the letter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">On 8 November
Gramsci was arrested by the Fascists, as part of a crack down after an
assassination attempt against Mussolini.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He was charged under a new law on public security and sentenced to five
years imprisonment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was sent to the
Italian island of Ustica with other political prisoners. Here he started
classes for the other inmates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His
friend Pierro Sraffa, an economist, opened an account at a Milan bookshop so
that Gramsci could be supplied with the books he needed to continue his work in
prison.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">In 1927, Gramsci
was moved back to the mainland, eventually ending up in Milan. Subject to
illness and insomnia, he was interrogated many times.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His sister in law Tatiana Schucht moved to
Milan in order to be able to help him.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">In May 1928,
Gramsci and 21 other PCI leaders faced a show trial.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chillingly, the Prosecutor declared of
Gramsci: “We must prevent this brain from functioning for 20 years.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He received one of the heaviest sentences of
20 years, 4 months and 5 days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First, he
was sent to prison in Turi, near Bari, where he was imprisoned in crowded
conditions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was now suffering from a
uremic disorder which left him unable to walk.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">In January 1929,
he was given permission to write in his cell, and on 8 February he began the
first of his famous <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Prison Notebooks</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He would write notes on politics, culture and
history.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here, he developed his famous
notion of hegemony.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By this he referred
to the way that a regime governed not just be coercion, but also by winning
consent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was one of the first to
understand the role of the battle of ideas, and the need to create what he
called a “counter hegemony”, based on cultural struggle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He also developed his notion of “organic
intellectuals”, by which he meant people from the working class, as opposed to
traditional intellectuals of academia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These ideas make him one of the few Marxist writers who still influences
contemporary thinking, decades after the fall of communism.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">As well as
Gramsci’s theoretical writings, he also wrote letters to his family and his
friends, sometimes scolding, sometimes passionate, often touching, as when he
shared memories of his Sardinian childhood with his two sons, the younger of
whom he would never meet.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Over the years, successive
appeals reduced Gramsci’s sentence and improved his access to books and
newspapers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But his suffering continued
as his health deteriorated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When his
mother died in 1932, the news was withheld from him because his family did not
want to further undermine his well-being.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Tatiana continued to visit Gramsci and provide him with assistance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meanwhile his wife, her sister, was unwell in
Moscow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1933, Gramsci was moved to
the prison hospital of Formia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1935,
as his health continued to deteriorate, he was moved to the Quisisana clinic in
Rome.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">In 1937,
Gramsci’s reduced sentence expired on 21 April.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His plan had been to return to Sardinia when his health improved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But on the evening of 25 April, he suffered a
stroke.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two days later, he died, with Tatiana at his
bedside.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was buried in Rome, after a
funeral which was attended by a few friends and many more secret policemen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Gramsci’s Prison
Notebooks had been smuggled out of his prison cell and taken out of Italy for
safe keeping.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later, his writings would
be strongly influential in the development of western Marxism and the postwar
political strategy of Eurocommunism which repudiated violent revolution in
favour of democratic struggle and cultural action. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Gramsci is by no
means the only disabled revolutionary in history.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The French revolution had Jean-Paul Marat
with his skin diseases and Georges Couthon with his paraplegia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another Marxist, Che Guevara, had severe
asthma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But I find Gramsci especially
admirable, not just because of his heroism in the face of repression and
illhealth, but also because of his humanity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He was no Leninist centralist trying to seize power, but a libertarian
socialist committed to popular consent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He was not a tiresome political obsessive, but someone with wide ranging
interests in folklore and literature.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I’ve still got my own black notebook from 1991, where I’ve written down
quotations from his letters show how he is one of the most poetic of
revolutionaries:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">“The cycle of the
seasons, the progression of the solstices and the equinoxes, I feel them as if
they were flesh of my flesh; the rose is living and will certainly flower,
because the heat leads in the cold, and under the snow the first violets are
already trembling.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In short, time has
seemed to me a thing of flesh, ever since space ceased to exist for me.” (To
Tatiana, July 1 1929)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">“When a man has
no chance of making plans for the future, he continually chews over the past,
analyzing it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gradually he gets to
understand it better in all its aspects.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He thinks especially of all the stupidities he has committed, of hios
own acts of weakness, of everything it would have een better to do or leave
undone or the things he was in duty bound to do or leave undone.” (To Guilia,
February 9 1931) <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Gramsci had a
fondness for quotations, which I share. His own favourite saying was “Pessimism
of the intellect, optimism of the will”, a thought which has always inspired
me.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In that notebook I also wrote down a
quotation which expresses Gramsci’s unblinking realism:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Turn your face violently towards things as
they exist now”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although I was once a
student communist, I no longer share Gramsci’s Marxist analysis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This does not stop me admiring his courage or
his intellectual achievements.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b>Links</b></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">Radio 4 <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04fz6ky" target="_blank">Great Lives</a></span></span></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-6813547729977267682014-06-23T21:43:00.000+02:002014-06-23T22:27:56.680+02:00Garrincha (1933–1983)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7t_n_OBhWDTvDoSjS2e9HSVwJZOwfYfIHxJVyUBXaGhzHcRkwhOpEVorU5L0L2KstrU4GsmzgxS3klmLcZSHubNYQ4kUq-9F_h6l0Ll-Bh82851gxOz8PMLC-_Xu0wui9hvty1Gh2lejK/s1600/+GARRINCHA+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7t_n_OBhWDTvDoSjS2e9HSVwJZOwfYfIHxJVyUBXaGhzHcRkwhOpEVorU5L0L2KstrU4GsmzgxS3klmLcZSHubNYQ4kUq-9F_h6l0Ll-Bh82851gxOz8PMLC-_Xu0wui9hvty1Gh2lejK/s1600/+GARRINCHA+.jpg" height="188" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1c1c1c; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><i>"a
phenomenon, capable of sheer magic. It was difficult to know which way he was
going to go because of his legs and because he was as comfortable on his left
foot as his right, so he could cut inside or go down the line and he had a
ferocious shot too." </i>(Mel Hopkins, Wales full back)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Manuel Francisco
dos Santos was born in Pau Grande, Brazil, in total poverty, the grandson of
slaves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was barely educated, and went
on to lead a fairly disastrous life, dying of alcoholism before his fiftieth
birthday.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The one thing he could do was
play football. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dribbling, corners, free
kicks, people asked whether he was from another planet, such were his
skills.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He could even head the ball,
despite his shortness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On four separate
occasions in his career, he scored direct from a corner.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With Pele, he was probably the greatest
soccer player that Brazil has ever known, and he even has a soccer stadium
named after him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And he was born
disabled.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">It was his sister
who named him Garrincha, after he was born with a deformed spine and a left leg
six centimeters shorter than his right: he was always small for his age, and
his right leg bent outwards and his left leg bent inwards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To fans, he was known as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alegria do Povo</i>, “joy of the people” or <i><span style="color: #1c1c1c; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Anjo de Pernas Tortas</span></i><span style="color: #1c1c1c;">, “angel with bent legs”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> And i</span>t was watching Garrincha that fans first started chanting “Ole”, the
bullfighting cry, as he feinted and tricked defenders with those extraordinary and unpredictable legs.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">He was 20 when he
joined Botafogo, scoring a hat trick in his first team debut.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before
that, he had been playing for his factory team.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He went on to <span style="color: #1c1c1c;">score 232 goals in 581 matches
during his twelve years playing for the club.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">He didn’t play in the 1954 World Cup.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But his reputation for extraordinary
dribbling meant that he was in the squad for the next competition, held in Sweden in 1958: he
played with a 17 year old named Pelé, and Brazil went on to win its first World Cup.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Brazil would never lose a match with both </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Pelé and Garrincha on the team.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf-1lHrg9qxrR-2H9jIE8KlmPRYgKDNmjhA9Tkqqo6Cr-V5pSUU894s-x3sxqdEmS75OTEpu6IBIDHLO0YI3TmNLVzsNfqWhyphenhyphenTHg0_327sXUgO6rPF5oNjSNF4hQRLdhbhcDgqRs83asWx/s1600/Garrincha+and+Pele.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf-1lHrg9qxrR-2H9jIE8KlmPRYgKDNmjhA9Tkqqo6Cr-V5pSUU894s-x3sxqdEmS75OTEpu6IBIDHLO0YI3TmNLVzsNfqWhyphenhyphenTHg0_327sXUgO6rPF5oNjSNF4hQRLdhbhcDgqRs83asWx/s1600/Garrincha+and+Pele.jpg" height="246" width="320" /></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">Four years
later in Chile, Pelé was injured early, and so Garrincha got the solo glory,
knocking out England with two goals in the quarters and repeating his feat
against Chile in the semis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The British
press described him as "Stanley Matthews, Tom Finney and a snake
charmer all rolled into one."<span style="color: #1c1c1c;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Again, Brazil won the Cup, and
Garrincha was named best player of the tournament, and won the Golden Boot as
leading goalscorer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He also got the
girl, as a glamorous samba singer entered the team dressing room after the
match to embrace him in the shower (she would later become wife number two). </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">In 1966,
luckily for England, Garrincha had problems with his knee, and Brazil lost to
Hungary – his only defeat in 55 internationals.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Off the pitch,
Garrincha partied as hard as he played.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> He is said to have lost his virginity aged 12, to a goat. </span>Later he drove over his father while
drunk. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> The</span> father was also a drunk, and
cachaca was Garrincha’s undoing too. Women were often the casualties,
including the mother-in-law whom he killed in a drunken car accident in 1969,
and her daughter, his second wife Elza Soares, that samba singer, who left him after he attacked
her in 1977. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had at least 14 children,
including impregnating local girls when he went on tour with his team.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">As with George Best and Paul Gascoigne, it's questionable whether the sins
of a genius should be forgiven.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Brazil, a dismal domestic record did not prevent you becoming a superstar, with
the stadium in Brasilia being named after him in 1974.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When he died of cirrhosis of the liver on
January 20, 1983, once again a pauper, thousands of fans came to view his body
at the Maracanã stadium and pay their respects to the man who had won them
their first two World Cups.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">As the South
American writer Eduardo Galeano wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1c1c1c; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">“In
the entire history of football no one made more people happy. When he was out
there, the pitch was a circus ring, the ball a tamed animal, the match a party
invitation. Garrincha nurtured his pet, the ball, and together they created
such mischief that people almost died laughing. He jumped over it, it gambolled
around him, hid itself away, skipped off and made him run after it. And on the
way, his opponents ran into each other.”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></i><br />
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1c1c1c; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></i>
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1c1c1c; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></i>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #1c1c1c; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>Link</b>: Garrincha in <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnSRxX_XDxc" target="_blank">action</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-31118567857116106282014-06-03T08:56:00.001+02:002014-06-03T09:02:43.862+02:00Paul Wittgenstein (1887-1961)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">“There
are an enormous number of general empirical propositions that count as certain
for us. One such is that if someone’s arm is cut off it will not grow again”.
(Ludwig Wittgenstein, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On Certainty</i>)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Ludwig
Wittgenstein has always been one of my favourite philosophers, so naturally I
was intrigued, on reading the wonderful biography by Ray Monk, to learn about his
older brother, Paul.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Wittgenstein family were
Austrian and extremely rich, and their home was visited by many famous composers
and cultural figures – Brahms, Mahler, Strauss etc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEMqPou4Tf70frmT2-n9c9yxWQ-zuxv0gexU4xnhFNG6RH5nC3aa_Q_HzdH4WM_zZ82d5azUzqGVxR_JBhmR8b0ppd14s9TEOBPDFKklAKi0P4bQmaSEPSjp98wagoJGcV6N67o-gRYVpK/s1600/paul-wittgenstein-all-in-one-hand_d_jpg_720x405_crop_upscale_q95.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEMqPou4Tf70frmT2-n9c9yxWQ-zuxv0gexU4xnhFNG6RH5nC3aa_Q_HzdH4WM_zZ82d5azUzqGVxR_JBhmR8b0ppd14s9TEOBPDFKklAKi0P4bQmaSEPSjp98wagoJGcV6N67o-gRYVpK/s1600/paul-wittgenstein-all-in-one-hand_d_jpg_720x405_crop_upscale_q95.jpg" height="179" width="320" /></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">All the children were musical and
ambitious.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, their father Karl
wanted them to go into the family manufacturing business, rather than taking an artistic
path.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> But g</span>randmother Fanny was a patron of
musicians, and so she encouraged Paul when he showed particular signs of
musical talent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">In 1913, after his father’s
death, he gave a successful debut concert, albeit after renting the
hall and paying for the orchestra himself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">At the outbreak
of war, however, he joined up with the Austrian army, and served on the Russian
front.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During fighting in Ukraine he
was shot in the arm and captured by the Russians.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His right arm had to be amputated, which must
have felt like the end of his career.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hearing the news, Ludwig wrote in his diary: <span style="color: #262626;">“I
keep having to think of poor Paul, who has so suddenly lost his career! How
terrible. What philosophy is needed to get over it! If only this can be
achieved in any other way than suicide!”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Three of their siblings did indeed kill themselves).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">However,
recovering in a prison-of-war camp in Omsk, Paul was undaunted, writing to his
former teacher to ask him to compose a piano concerto for just the left
hand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He drew the outline of a piano
keyboard on a wooden crate, and practiced playing it seven hours a day, to the
bemusement of other prisoners.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;">“It was like climbing a mountain. If you can’t get up one
way, you try another”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>he later said. </span>He
was probably inspired by another Austrian, Leopold Godowsky, who taught piano
at the Imperial Academy of Music, and who had both transcribed and commissioned
pieces for the left hand in order to improve students’ technique.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He would have known also of <span style="color: #262626;">Count Géza Zichy, one of Liszt’s students, who became the
world’s first professional one-armed pianist after a hunting accident.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">After the war, Wittgenstein continued
as a pianist, arranging pieces for the left hand and playing pieces that he had
commissioned.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He did not want to be
known simply as a freak or receive sympathy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>By commissioning work by famous composers, he would generate respect and
become a famous performer.<span style="color: #262626;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Here the
Wittgenstein wealth came in handy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
commissioned work from leading composers including Prokofiev, Strauss,
Hindemith, Korngold and many others, and always insisted on exclusive
performing rights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unfortunately, his
tastes were for nineteenth century style Romantic music, not the avant garde
compositions favoured by people like Hindemith.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those pieces he did not like, he did not
play, and some were not discovered and performed until after his death, for
example the work by Hindemith finally premiered in 2004.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1931 he wrote to Prokofiev:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">“Thank
you for the concerto, but I do not understand a single note in it, and I will
not play it.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">Another
pianist who had lost his arm in the War was to play that piece for the first
time in 1956.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wittgenstein</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"> also fell out badly with Ravel, because
he made his own changes to the new Concerto in D for the Left Hand, without any
consultation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: #262626;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">The musician
Ivan Ilic has suggested that Wittgenstein may not have been familiar with the
actual work of the composers whom he commissioned, being guided instead by
their prestige, saying </span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">“If Wittgenstein had been more familiar with Ravel’s
compositional style there is no way that he would have been surprised with the
result.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Prokofiev said of him, “I don’t
see any special talent in his left hand.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>It may be that Paul Wittgenstein would never have become a famous piano
player if it had not been for his unusual circumstances. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His family certainly felt embarrassed by him, feeling
he brought shame to the Wittgenstein name and wishing he would give up performing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Paul emigrated
from Austria to the United States in 1938.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Wittgenstein family were originally Jewish, although they had been
Christians for three generations on the paternal side and two on the maternal
side.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To the Nazis, they were still of
course Jews.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The sisters of Paul and
Ludwig insisted on staying in Vienna, believing that no one would dare to disturb
their privileged existence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In practice,
Paul had to bribe the Nazi regime to leave his sisters alone.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Wittgensteins were one of the most
wealthy private families in Europe, with assets of $6 billion, and this all
went to protecting the two sisters in their Vienna palace.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Paul Wittgenstein
died in New York City in 1961, after becoming an American citizen and
continuing his career of playing and teaching music.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While in America, he commissioned a piece
from Benjamin Britten in 1942, but, predictably, did not like it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whatever Wittgenstein’s own tastes and
talent, disabled pianists have good reason to thank him for his determination
and contribution to expanding the repertoire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Other pianists lacking the use of two hands, like Leon Fleisher, have
since followed his lead and played his commissions.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->
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<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSSnnv_id6KIa8dGezoSh7si0vnNx5Ljtpp-otpV9BOinDt9QKPLhEdDpMjrgky2mP4h7i_LrURoi5DUjUQ4BWN8k5STRLPr10iVp6U95ycDiMeNOO_JlfLNlE3_zjxAPQyza_d4i9C8Rz/s1600/Leslie+Banks+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSSnnv_id6KIa8dGezoSh7si0vnNx5Ljtpp-otpV9BOinDt9QKPLhEdDpMjrgky2mP4h7i_LrURoi5DUjUQ4BWN8k5STRLPr10iVp6U95ycDiMeNOO_JlfLNlE3_zjxAPQyza_d4i9C8Rz/s1600/Leslie+Banks+1.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">To begin with,
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Keble College Oxford, you seem to be right on track.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But then, a change of plan: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>after a while in an office job in shipping, the
stage beckons, following some good experiences in amateur theatricals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All’s goes well at first, with tours of North
America, and your first performance on the West End stage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But then war breaks out: you join up with the
Essex Regiment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">The Regiment
serves during the first day of the Battle of the Somme, 1 July 1916.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As soon as the troops go over the top, they
come under heavy artillery and machine gun bombardment, and then get bogged
down in no man’s land.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The order comes
to recommence the attack: it’s impossible, and the surviving soldiers retreat
and regroup.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later, the names of 949
officers and men of the Essex Regiment are recorded on the Thiepval Memorial,
their final resting places unknown.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">You survive, but with
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badly scarred and partly paralysed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At
first, it seems to be a major handicap, putting paid to your ambition to play
romantic leading roles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But after the
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West End theatre.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On stage, you discover
that you can either show the unblemished side of your face – for the kinder roles
-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or the scarred side, for the
melodramatic roles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">In 1932, you begin
your film career.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With your large bulk
and your contorted features, you become known for playing gruff and menacing
parts, such as the diabolic hunter of human prey in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Most Dangerous Game</i> (1932).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hitchcock casts you in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Man Who
Knew Too Much</i> (1934).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fire Over England</i> (1937), you play the
Earl of Leicester, and meet Laurence Olivier and Vivien Leigh during the defeat
of the Spanish Armada. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Arsenal
Stadium Mystery</i> (1939) provides you with a leading role as an eccentric
detective, who is called in to solve the crime when one of the opposing players
drops dead, poisoned.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9FtNIRAiFawKuuRIxtrHbZWTSjAWRPSaDKQrUZievprCOUChzRl4zb_RdkSpHQeOM2hW6z0OhIa3jCg8kxbCO7IIhzLe97thVh9R1a1DHK8Ql7Uvz7t3OC9zzrr6qF5UFJHfuXqZKioas/s1600/went_the+day+well.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">During the
second war, you’re in great demand as an actor, described as having a
“civilized rugged persona”. </span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje6U9SAxWjpEVa5gfYSm15Yb3Ta0NoJgQBDOjwO8dzbsBymagcZE7AxYd3cChf4tRfcp9GiwDR4SycTEzoFL24aEUiPdLaAC4yfJ8k16mgMCevlW8CmeIJh0rUT8pnhQbqoKLFk1MTTSnv/s1600/went_the+day+well.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje6U9SAxWjpEVa5gfYSm15Yb3Ta0NoJgQBDOjwO8dzbsBymagcZE7AxYd3cChf4tRfcp9GiwDR4SycTEzoFL24aEUiPdLaAC4yfJ8k16mgMCevlW8CmeIJh0rUT8pnhQbqoKLFk1MTTSnv/s1600/went_the+day+well.jpg" height="255" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">In the propaganda film, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Went the Day Well </i>(1942), you play the squire who turns out to be treacherous,
during the nightmare scenario of a German invasion by paratroopers (the film
also has the first performance by Thora Hird).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the time, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Picturegoer</i> says “The subtle change from the quiet squire to the
dangerous, scheming Nazi agent is put over by Leslie in an extremely clever and
polished way. This perfectly rounded character study shows Leslie at his very
best and is again proof of the versatility and abundant talent of this
accomplished artist.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtHFTRLMHV55TSfFOSduWuEEc9AlKa6IHyLvE4U9w-Qneoatxwi0ZE8QcItK5g2J8bCFkwlZmxuS4L8JGBlxAOYenn5AaLxagSvalPNUa7a5HJxPtUR1nLgzqM2UnngNygHpCL7WJTWr55/s1600/Leslie+Banks+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtHFTRLMHV55TSfFOSduWuEEc9AlKa6IHyLvE4U9w-Qneoatxwi0ZE8QcItK5g2J8bCFkwlZmxuS4L8JGBlxAOYenn5AaLxagSvalPNUa7a5HJxPtUR1nLgzqM2UnngNygHpCL7WJTWr55/s1600/Leslie+Banks+3.jpg" height="200" width="150" /></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Half a century
afterwards, this chilling classic would be listed as one of the 100 Best War
Films, and summed up by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Independent</i>:
<span style="color: #1c1c1c;">"It subtly captures an immemorial quality of
English rural life—the church, the local gossip, the sense of community—and
that streak of native 'pluck' that people believed would see off Hitler".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgjw4a3ET2QBgAuyb59qQE3Xp73DnvJA_uAlAHywGMQwWssxm7KIJ4kZ9i9Vkrpx8p9GIQASIKPNMTBMMAsUeZ2cHzJjHs3Lm7JzkbrAKnlnA-DLc1dl83_VLbL3k7H0MkyuECqyJ4YUHP/s1600/leslie-banks-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgjw4a3ET2QBgAuyb59qQE3Xp73DnvJA_uAlAHywGMQwWssxm7KIJ4kZ9i9Vkrpx8p9GIQASIKPNMTBMMAsUeZ2cHzJjHs3Lm7JzkbrAKnlnA-DLc1dl83_VLbL3k7H0MkyuECqyJ4YUHP/s1600/leslie-banks-2.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1c1c1c; font-family: Arial;">For
Ealing, you make <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ships with Wings</i>
(1941), celebrating the Fleet Air Arm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Later, you serve as the Chorus in Laurence
Olivier’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Henry V</i> (1944), another
morale-booster, intended to inspire the country after D-Day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">It’s a good life:
marriage to another actor, three daughters, plenty of work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You’re not a typical actor: you dislike
giving interviews, you wriggle out of praise, you don’t like talking about
yourself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You continue performing until
1950, when you are awarded the CBE for services to theatre.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two years later, you die after suffering a
stroke while out for a walk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Went the
life well?</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-34933647549918488302014-05-26T15:41:00.004+02:002014-05-26T16:06:44.586+02:00Ivor Gurney (1890-1937)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7tLdDGLIUal0NL9zv_wl-3JCmugo_lkeIIdABSBR_aiSvkWZC9XnF_0jo1volfLJGFM8UqzVv_rB7u-8u_RpnkzkuYP46sU5z2R2vOM1EgOEo3RZkxArRzkL3tnTHgiHjek3Wq1yPPoS4/s1600/ivor+gurney+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7tLdDGLIUal0NL9zv_wl-3JCmugo_lkeIIdABSBR_aiSvkWZC9XnF_0jo1volfLJGFM8UqzVv_rB7u-8u_RpnkzkuYP46sU5z2R2vOM1EgOEo3RZkxArRzkL3tnTHgiHjek3Wq1yPPoS4/s1600/ivor+gurney+2.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Only the
wanderer<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Knows England’s
graces,<br />
Or can anew see clear<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Familiar faces.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">And who loves
joy as he<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">That dwells in
shadows?<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Do not forget me
quite,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">O Severn
meadows.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 14.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 14.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ivor Bertie Gurney was born in Gloucester on 28
August 1890: his father was a tailor, and he came from humble origins.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His mother was highly strung and somewhat
unstable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But a local clergyman, Revd Alfred
Cheesman stood godfather to Ivor, and later took him under his wing, fostering
his ideas and encouraging him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gurney
was a chorister at King’s School, Gloucester, and studied music with the
organist, alongside Herbert Howells and Ivor Novello.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both Gurney and Howells were inspired by
hearing Vaughan Williams’ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fantasia on a
Theme by Thomas Tallis</i> at the 1910 Three Choirs Festival.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gurney went on to a scholarship at the Royal
College of Music in 1911, supported by Cheesman.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There he was considered erratic but
brilliant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> H</span>e started setting
poems to music, and began writing his own.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At RCM, he met Marion Scott, who
was to be so influential in his life.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 14.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">In 1912, came his first mental breakdown: “The Young
Genius does not feel too well and his brain won’t move as he wishes it to”, he wrote
to Marion Scott.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> This seems to have been the first in a life long series of episodes of manic depression. However,</span> by July 1914 he was able to write to his friend Harvey:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 14.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Dear
Willy, It's going Willy. It's going. Gradually the cloud passes and Beauty is
a present thing, not merely an abstraction poets feign to honour. Willy,
Willy, I have done 5 of the most delightful and beautiful songs you ever cast
your beaming eyes upon. They are all Elizabethan – the words – and blister my
kidneys, bisurate my magnesia if the music is not as English, as joyful, as
tender as any lyric of all that noble host.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 14.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">When war broke out in 1914, Gurney volunteered, but was
initially turned down because of his eyesight. In 1915, he was accepted and
served as a signaller with the 2/5<sup>th</sup> Glosters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the Western Front he found it was easier to write
poems than to compose music.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His
was a private’s war poetry, verses about longing for home, dodging tough jobs and the joy of sleeping
on clean straw.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">One got peace of
heart at last, the dark march over,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">And the straps
slipped, the warmth felt under roof’s low cover,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Lying slack the
body, let sink in straw giving;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">And some
sweetness, a great sweetness felt in mere living,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">And to come to
this haven after sorefooted weeks,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The dark barn
roof, and the glows and the wedges and the streaks;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Letters from
home, dry warmth and still sure rest taken<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sweet to the
chilled frame, nerves soothed were so sore shaken.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">His first book<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px;"><i>Severn and Somme </i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px;">was published in October 1917, thanks to efforts by Marion Scott. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px;"> </span>That year he was first shot in the arm, and then
gassed, and was sent home to recover in an Edinburgh hospital, where he fell in
love with a nurse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>In 1918, he showed
renewed signs of mental illness, with talk of suicide.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
spent time in hospital in Newcastle, Durham, and Warrington: his Scottish sweetheart
broke with him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was discharged from
the army and sent back to Gloucestershire, where things improved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
autumn 1919, he tried to take up where he left off at the Royal College of
Music, but was too restless to settle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There was much roaming and walking.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-size: 14.0pt;">A second volume of poems, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">War’s
Embers</i>, was published.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He worked in
a series of jobs musical (organist, cinema pianist) and manual (farm labourer,
tax clerk), but money was scarce.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
wasn’t sleeping much, but the verse was flowing through the years
1919-1922.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He found physical exertion –
working, walking – essential therapy for his nerves and the voices and radio
waves which he felt were persecuting him:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Visions
of natural fairness were more clearly seen after the excessive bodily fatigue
experienced on a route march, or in some hard fatigue in France or Flanders - a
compensation for so much strain. One found them serviceable in the
accomplishment of the task, and in after-relaxation. There it was one learnt
that the brighter visions brought music; the fainter, verse, or mere
pleasurable emotion. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">He tried living with relatives – a brother, an aunt –
but neither worked out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In September 1922
he was committed to Barnwood House, an asylum in Gloucestershire, after going
around asking for a revolver to shoot himself with. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He wrote letters to everyone begging to be
released, and tried to run away.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Worse
was to come when Gurney was then moved away to the City of London Mental Institution in
Dartford in Kent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He remained there for
the final 15 years of his life, and would never see his beloved Gloucestershire
countryside again. At Dartford, he would not even go out into the grounds, because it was the
wrong sort of landscape.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But he
continued writing, and produced some of his best war poetry: “the pain is in thought, which will not freely range.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">I think of the
gods, all their old oaths and gages – <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Gloucester has
clear honour sworn without fail – <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Companionship of
meadows, high Cotswold ledges<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Battered now
tonight with huge wind-bursts and rages,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Flying moon
glimpses like a shattered and flimsy sail – <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">In hell I,
buried a score-deep, writing verse pages.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">It would be easy to think of Gurney like poor
Septimus Smith in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mrs Dalloway</i>,
driven mad by the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But in truth,
Gurney’s mental illness predated the conflict.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His behaviour was mainly more eccentric than insane: he couldn’t hold down a
job, his sleeping and eating patterns were erratic, he liked midnight
rambles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Three-quarters of his poems
show no signs of mental illness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His friend Marion Scott described him as “heart-breakingly sane in his
insanity”: she left instructions for everything that he wrote in the institution
to be preserved and sent to her.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">P.J.Kavanagh points out that Gurney is wrongly
described as a local poet, as if his poems only have relevance to
Gloucestershire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gurney is one of those
who achieve the universal by means of the particular, a poet of detail.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His voice is a gentle and domestic voice,
lacking the anger which distinguishes Owen or Sassoon:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">I believe in the
increasing of life: whatever<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Leads to the
seeing of small trifles,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Real, beautiful,
is good […]<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">He loved Shakespeare, and used all manner of reminiscent
phrasing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He loved Whitman too, and shares
a similar lyricism:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><i>Memory, let all slip save what is sweet</i></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><i>Of Ypres plains.</i></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><i>Keep only autumn sunlight and the fleet</i></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><i>Clouds after rains.</i></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-size: 14.0pt;">Gurney </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-size: 19px;">wrote 200 songs and 300 poems: he </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-size: 19px;">was one of the very few artists who have
excelled in two forms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The revival of interest in him in the 1930s and after the war was due partly to the loyalty of his
supporter at the Royal College of Music, Marion Scott, but mainly to the efforts of the composer Gerald Finzi and
his wife Joy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First, they organized an
edition of <i>Music and Letters</i> devoted to Gurney, published in 1938: it contained
tributes from Vaughan-Williams, Walter de la Mare and others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By this point, Gurney was unable to grasp
what the volume represented: a month later, he was dead of tuberculosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Finally, he returned to his beloved Gloucestershire
to be buried.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihf94bdOnomnzxeGM4s23im296XYagzelmkSwlW9d_6C1nH0RZ761BlL3XuMRZe0TEzGATy3q8Ev95zcDjedd0L9Ia-_2DbDGA84-h1PwEUizi6HgIXlKDXfiC8WicM-y-NUr60vIg9Ty5/s1600/Ivor_gurney_grave.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihf94bdOnomnzxeGM4s23im296XYagzelmkSwlW9d_6C1nH0RZ761BlL3XuMRZe0TEzGATy3q8Ev95zcDjedd0L9Ia-_2DbDGA84-h1PwEUizi6HgIXlKDXfiC8WicM-y-NUr60vIg9Ty5/s1600/Ivor_gurney_grave.jpg" height="200" width="126" /></span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-size: 19px;">Finzi kept pushing: he asked another war poet,
Edmund Blunden, to edit a selection of Gurney’s unpublished poems, which was
finally published in 1954.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-size: 19px;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-size: 19px;">After Gerald
died in 1956, Joy kept sorting out the archive.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-size: 19px;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-size: 19px;">In 1984, a collected edition was published, thanks to editor
P.J.Kavanagh.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-size: 19px;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-size: 19px;">One teacher at my school
was a biographer of Blunden; another was a friend of Joy Finzi.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-size: 19px;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-size: 19px;">So as a teenager, I studied Gurney’s poems
and listened to his music, as well as that of Finzi.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-size: 19px;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-size: 19px;">I was also lucky enough to meet Joy.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-size: 19px;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-size: 19px;">I was enormously touched by her kindness: after I visited her home and admired a wood engraving by Reynolds Stone, she later packaged up the print and sent it to me as a present. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-size: 19px;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343; font-size: 19px;">Her husband’s verdict on Ivor Gurney, quoted
by Kavanagh, was that</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">“All his work, even the worst, seems to have (for me
at any rate) the sense of heightened perception which makes art out of
artifice.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #434343; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Links<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.poemhunter.com/ivor-gurney/" target="_blank">Poems</a></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UwMz0nAYVmg" target="_blank">"Sleep"</a> (there are also other songs on YouTube)</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03zq4cb" target="_blank">BBC Four documentary</a></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #434343;"><a href="http://www.ivorgurney.org.uk/index.htm" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Ivor Gurney Society </span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-71453294716153748932014-05-05T13:24:00.006+02:002014-05-05T13:26:24.761+02:00Wilhelm II (1859-1941)<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_DLm40PQF-grLoM_7lis9POEmlCB-jfP46y10KJPfh3BUN0N44HV1VUpDb-OHS9piM0bPsep4HSBhGE-oS8roeK8vF5eYPh82ZH6gdy2b4-wnqMv1QBrBYzOYEMgiYYgdK94h152dDSlO/s1600/Wilhelm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_DLm40PQF-grLoM_7lis9POEmlCB-jfP46y10KJPfh3BUN0N44HV1VUpDb-OHS9piM0bPsep4HSBhGE-oS8roeK8vF5eYPh82ZH6gdy2b4-wnqMv1QBrBYzOYEMgiYYgdK94h152dDSlO/s1600/Wilhelm.jpg" height="320" width="222" /></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #1c1c1c;"></span>Nearly twenty
years ago, I reviewed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Young Wilhelm</i>,
John Röhl’s extraordinarily detailed book about the early life of Kaiser
Wilhelm II.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now, in the hundredth
anniversary of the outbreak of the First World War, perhaps it’s an apt time to
revisit this story for this blog.</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Born on 27
January 1859, Wilhelm was the eagerly anticipated first grandson of Queen
Victoria and equally anxiously awaited heir to the Kingdom of Prussia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rejoicing was widespread through England and
Germany.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Queen Victoria wrote to a
German friend “we are proud and happy that it is our child who has given this
son to your country”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">However, the
birth itself was highly traumatic for all concerned, because the future Kaiser
was in a breech position in the womb.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>18
year old Princess Vicky went through terrible suffering for 13 hours before
chloroform was applied by Sir James Clark, Queen Victoria’s personal physician
who had been sent over to Berlin for the birth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Royal baby was turned forcefully, and manipulated by the arms in
order to be delivered: he suffered a lack of oxygen for about eight minutes during
the end stages of the labour, and after birth had to be revived by a series of
slaps from the midwife.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">As a child,
Wilhelm was hyperactive, and possibly minimally brain damaged.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His left arm was paralyzed as a result of the
violence of his birth, and was 15 cm shorter than his right.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sigmund Freud considered that Princess Vicky
had deprived her child of her love because of his affliction, and that this
resulted in the Kaiser’s personality problems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet the evidence suggests that Vicky, like
many parents of disabled children, had mixed emotions – hope, pride,
depression, helplessness and desperation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Both parents seem to have been loving towards their child.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, perhaps because of extensive medical
treatments, Wilhelm did not form a close bond to his mother and later felt that
she had not been sufficiently supportive and loving.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Blaming his
English mother may have been a convenient move for later German historians
seeking to excuse their militarist monarch.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It was more likely that the blame lay with the corrective treatments
that were attempted in order to improve the strength and function of his
withered arm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Röhl concludes that,
though administered with the best of intentions, they amounted to child
abuse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One method was to insert the boy’s
paralysed arm into a freshly killed hare for a so-called “animal bath”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another was to tie up the healthy right arm,
to try and force him to use his left arm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His mother recorded how “fretful and cross and violent and passionate”
the two year old would become.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As he
neared the age of four, he was noted to have a twist in his neck, as if he was
turning away from the impaired arm that was such a source of psychological stress
for the whole family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now he was put in
a machine designed to straighten the neck by force.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the age of six, the tendon on his neck
muscle was cut.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Next, it was noticed
that he could not straighten his left arm: another operation was threatened,
but instead an “arm-stretching machine” was used, together with exercises.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another approach was daily electrotherapy,
but by the age of ten, Wilhelm was so unhappy about these bouts of treatment
that it was discontinued.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In all, the
poor boy had twelve years of cruel and ineffective treatment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Wilhelm’s parents
had liberal ideas, and tried to bring him up as an Anglophile.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the tutor he was given from the age of
six seems to have been rather brutal, forcing him to learn to ride, on the
instructions of the Crown Princess.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Wilhelm was also shaped by the militarist Prusssian society in which he found
himself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He grew to respect a more
autocratic approach than the more consensual English style of constitutional
monarchy which his mother tried to impart.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>When he joined a Guards regiment at the age of 21, he found his natural
home among the society of soldiers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">On the death of
Kaiser Wilhelm I, Wilhelm’s father only ruled for 99 days before dying of
throat cancer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1888, Wilhelm II acceded to the throne at
the age of 29.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He rejected Chancellor
Bismark’s cautious approach to foreign policy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In 1890, he dismissed the old Chancellor completely, considering him a
“boorish old killjoy”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wilhelm exerted
more control himself, rather than leaving policy to his Chancellors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of this was beneficial – such as his
reforms to the rather traditional Prussian educational system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Much of it was not – such as his desire to
build up a strong navy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Wilhelm was
insecure, unstable, impatient, and lacked focus and direction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was arrogant and obnoxious, particularly
with his English relatives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Though he
was related to most of the monarchs of Europe, he did not like them, nor they
him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, he was anxious for his
grandmother’s approval, and went to be at her bedside when Queen Victoria was
dying in 1901.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Wilhelm was prone
to imperialist rhetoric – such as his speech evoking the memory of Attila the
Hun when sending troops off to help suppress the Boxer rebellion in China.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He regularly made diplomatic faux pas, such
as a disastrous 1908 interview with the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Daily
Telegraph</i> in which he managed to alienate not only the English – whom he
called <span style="color: #1c1c1c;">“ mad, mad, mad as March hares” - but also
the French, Russians and Japanese.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1c1c1c; font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">All
of this, particularly the German military build-up gives a sense of tragic
inevitability to the events leading up to the First World War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But as recent historical accounts have shown,
Austria and other countries were also very much to blame.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After the war started, Wilhelm did not play a
leading role in German policy. When it finished with the defeat of German and
the loss of ten million lives, Wilhelm abdicated and went into exile in the
neutral Netherlands, where he died on 4 June 1941.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had hoped that Hitler would revive the
monarchy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the Fuhrer blamed the
Kaiser for the humiliations of the First World War and kept him at arm’s length.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1c1c1c; font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Wilhelm
was not a terrible monarch because he was disabled.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But his impairment did affect his
personality, particularly due to the appalling medical treatment he endured,
his strained relationship with his mother and hence his dislike of the English,
and the arrogant strain in his personality which resulted from his insecurities.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<!--EndFragment-->Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-90772191687544441202014-04-17T18:08:00.001+02:002014-04-17T18:17:48.121+02:00May Billinghurst (1875-1953)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDlFQv_jyUwrk_LewdWaFYBG6SYWu3eiKHLyGWR30aFt_fpPGVqdVfvC6otQ25_C9kLA-_26kK9j3nkoshKUWJuwfSney9QKErN_LiHDxg0qpRlp5MQHCjttT7nyeNwjUuW-_mzBtrtKJV/s1600/rosemaybillinghurst.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDlFQv_jyUwrk_LewdWaFYBG6SYWu3eiKHLyGWR30aFt_fpPGVqdVfvC6otQ25_C9kLA-_26kK9j3nkoshKUWJuwfSney9QKErN_LiHDxg0qpRlp5MQHCjttT7nyeNwjUuW-_mzBtrtKJV/s1600/rosemaybillinghurst.jpg" height="320" width="239" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0e0e0e;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The Women's Suffrage campaigner Rosa May Billinghurst was
born into a middle class family in Lewisham in 1875. At five months
old, she contracted an illness – almost certainly polio – which left her
completely paralysed. Despite some recovery,
she was left paraplegic, relying on calipers and crutches to walk, and usually
resorting to a three wheeler wheelchair which was pedalled by hand. Despite these difficulties, she was as stalwart a political campaigner as any contemporary disability movement activists.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0e0e0e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Like prototype social workers,
May and her sister Alice worked on the streets with prostitutes, in the
Greenwich workhouse, and in a Sunday School.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0e0e0e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0e0e0e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Politically, May started out as a member of the Women’s Liberal
Association, but radicalized by her experiences of community work, she joined the militant
suffragette Women’s Social and Political Union in 1907.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0e0e0e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0e0e0e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Her family donated money to the cause,
but May was to put her own body on the line.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0e0e0e;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Always on her tricycle,
decorated with WSPU ribbons and banners, she participated in the suffragette
march to the Albert Hall on 13 June 1908, distributing leaflets advertising the
forthcoming Hype Park demonstration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
July, she worked for the WPSU at the Haggerston by-election.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This included teaching local children
suffragist songs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two years later, she
founded the Greenwich branch of the WPSU.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> As a result of all her activities, s</span>he became known as “the cripple suffragette”, and her disability led to increased publicity for the campaign.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0e0e0e;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">May repeatedly came into
contact with the police and the authorities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In November 1910, she was thrown out of her tricycle during the “Black
Friday” demonstration, and the police pushed her down a side street and removed
the valves from her tyres. She was one of 159 women arrested that day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another suffragette wrote later how,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626;">“I remember hearing
startling stories of her running battles with the police. Her crutches were
lodged on each side of her self propelling invalid chair, and when a meeting
was broken up or an arrest being made, she would charge the aggressors at a
rate of knots that carried all before her.”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0e0e0e;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMnboRlB-htdf3snPCG-vitlE86vVCvOeZyo58ORXNzdlkXxwAIlecf1MTy9mjObwv-SjiDfPo7GP3J7NdN2FymZiQuRbYpt5fRKPL6Mbv402T-kz9nsw1pLAJTFd0ilQe-mmUksrLVO1W/s1600/May_Billinghurst.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMnboRlB-htdf3snPCG-vitlE86vVCvOeZyo58ORXNzdlkXxwAIlecf1MTy9mjObwv-SjiDfPo7GP3J7NdN2FymZiQuRbYpt5fRKPL6Mbv402T-kz9nsw1pLAJTFd0ilQe-mmUksrLVO1W/s1600/May_Billinghurst.jpg" height="288" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0e0e0e;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0e0e0e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">A year later, May was
arrested again in Parliament Square and sentenced to five days in prison for
obstructing the police.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0e0e0e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0e0e0e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In March 1912,
she was sentenced to one month’s hard labour in Holloway Prison after smashing
windows as part of the WPSU campaign:</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0e0e0e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0e0e0e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">she had hidden the stones for flinging at windows under the rug over her
legs.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0e0e0e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0e0e0e;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In December that year, she
was sentenced to eight months in prison, after being found guilty of firebombing
Deptford pillar boxes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was part of the WPSU campaign which the
government claimed destroyed more than 5,000 letters.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0e0e0e;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">On this last occasion, she
went on hunger strike, and was forcibly fed, causing damage to her teeth and general health.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the Fawcett Women’s Library,
there are many letters sent on her behalf by family members and fellow
campaigners, objecting to her being force fed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>As a result of this pressure, she was ordered to be released by the Home
Secretary </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0e0e0e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">after two weeks in prison.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0e0e0e;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">By March 1913, she had recovered sufficiently to be able
to speak about her experiences at a meeting in West Hampstead.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In June of that year she took part in the funeral
procession for Emily Wilding Davison – the suffragette who had flung herself at
the King’s horse at the Derby and been trampled to death.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> I</span>n her invalid tricycle as always, May wore
white.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On 21 May 1914, she chained
herself and her chair to the railings as Buckingham Palace as part of another
WPSU protest. It was on this occasion that Sylvia Pankhurst recalled her being flung out of her chair by
two policemen.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0e0e0e;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Once the First World War
broke out, WPSU suspended campaigning, and members were released from
prison.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>May supported Christabel
Pankhurst’s Smethwick election campaign in 1918, the year that the
Qualification of Women Act was passed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0e0e0e;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">After women's suffrage had been achieved, May ceased to
be so politically active and little more is known of her. She seems to have lived in
Sunbury on Thames, Surrey and to have had an adopted daughter. She died on September 4, 1953.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-64042055984939027242014-04-06T12:06:00.004+02:002014-04-06T12:12:28.365+02:00Kurt Schwitters (1887-1948)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjop3kDMenHfc4hUY00tnL5kkcEDKyhfPaMvF46eZoeTR2CrVs19B_hGfO8hUdtA7IUvr-soTpYTfWAMg3vXdwJ4c8qcQnn0b2Revw_0LNldhtbvpIaZXxt28CdlcpiT2_gtt9iXMgtVguF/s1600/Kurt_Schwitters_1927.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjop3kDMenHfc4hUY00tnL5kkcEDKyhfPaMvF46eZoeTR2CrVs19B_hGfO8hUdtA7IUvr-soTpYTfWAMg3vXdwJ4c8qcQnn0b2Revw_0LNldhtbvpIaZXxt28CdlcpiT2_gtt9iXMgtVguF/s1600/Kurt_Schwitters_1927.jpg" height="320" width="227" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>“here, with a smile, comes
to meet you the very simplicity of a non-dogmatic human being, and the
undisguised warmth of his rebellious yet constructive life”</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Kurt Schwitters, born to a
prosperous middle-class family in Hanover in June 1887, was a unique and
subversive individual, who contributed to Surrealism and Dada and
Constructivism, who made work as a painter and sculptor and poet, and who pioneered
installation art and performance art. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Why is Kurt Schwitters
relevant to a disability blog? First,
because he developed epilepsy as a child, and second, because of his deteriorating
health at the end of his life. According
to the biography by Gwendolen Webster, Schwitters’ epilepsy first became
evident when he was 14. He had made a
miniature landscape in the garden of his parents’ cottage complete with a hill
and a pond, together with roses and strawberries, but local boys destroyed it
before his eyes, at which point he had his first seizure. His epilepsy was very distressing to him, with
attacks lasting for up to five hours:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“He could generally sense the approach of a seizure, and the symptoms
became obvious to ayone who knew him well.
First he would become nervous and irritable, and complain of a blinding
headache. His head, shoulder and arms
would jerk uncontrollably until he collapsed.
As he lost consciousness, he would utter a series of terrible snorts,
shrieks and cries, all the time hammering at the surface he lay on with
clenched fists. If he could manage to
swallow a tumbler of diluted tincture of valerian before hand this would allay
the symptoms to some extent. When the
seizure was over he would fall into a deep sleep for up to sixteen hours.”
(Webster, 1997, 7)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The seizures became more frequent, with up to two every day. As a result of the condition, he missed a year’s
schooling, meaning that he was 21 before he finally matriculated. Epilepsy may also have made him more shy and
introverted. He was described as having
a perpetual frown, and of being immersed in a world of his own: literature,
music and art became very important to him.
But this did not stop him becoming unofficially engaged to Helma
Fischer, an unassuming local girl, who was working as a governess and became
one of the two women who were to support him throughout his life. As a friend was to say later, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“Helma Schwitters deserves a special monument for her unfailingly
patient and dedicated attitude to her husband, who laid claim to everything
around him.” (Webster, 1997, 109).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">She helped him cope with his seizures, and he would try always to take
her with him when he went on journeys, for example. However, she also had difficulties, such as
rheumatoid arthritis, which increasingly meant she would be unable to join him
in his passion for dancing. She was also
extremely shy, which must have made the gregarious artistic circles rather
difficult for her.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Epilepsy meant that when war
broke out in 1914, Schwitters was exempted from service and stayed home in
Hanover. He and Helma married in October
1915, and lived on the second floor of his parents’ house. At this time, he was studying art in Hanover
and elsewhere. Initially, his style was
rather uninteresting and conservative.
In 1916, all adult men were called up, and he was sent to the Wulfel
ironworks as a technical draughtsman. He
began new abstract drawings inspired by machines. The following year, came the tragic death of
Kurt and Helma’s first son Gerd, who only lived for 8 days in an
incubator. Together with his association
with the Kestner Society of artists in Hannover, this seems to have precipitated
a turning point, as seen in the works “Mourning woman” and “Suffering” which he
exhibited that year. Schwitters<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“began to stand back from himself and his narrow world by means of
abstraction…he began to see art not as a
front behind which he could conceal himself but as a means of self-expression.”
(Webster, 1997, 30). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">He began to write and recite poetry in the Expressionist style. Particularly after he joined the Hanover
Succession group of avant garde artists, unconventional behaviour became
acceptable – which included his epilepsy.
Either because he had found creative fulfilment, or because he felt he
was with like-minded people, after this his seizures began to diminish. The war was a turning point in modern art: <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #282828; line-height: 115%;"> “Everything had broken
down,” said Schwitters; “new things had to be made out of fragments.”</span> Hence his famous collages.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p>Schwitters’ career as an artist in Hanover and Berlin flourished after
his one man show in Berlin’s Dr Sturm
gallery in 1919. He went on to make
contributions to the Dada movement, with his collages, an approach known as
Merz (from the word Commerz in an advert incorporated into the first of his
collages), and with his performances and particularly <a href="http://www.costis.org/x/schwitters/ursonate.htm" target="_blank">Ursonate</a> - poems recited for their musical qualities
rather than their meaning. His work was
so pioneering that critics thought he was mentally ill and mocked him. This did not prevent him becoming influential
in European and American art circles. In
the late 1920s, he also had success as a typographer. From
1923 onwards, Schwitters was developing an elaborate installation in the family
home in Hanover, which he named the Merzbau: room after room was converted into
a grotto-like sculptural environment, which he originally described as a
Cathedral of Erotic Misery. It contained
unlikely items such as friends’ underwear and a bottle of his urine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0OaaHNDM3DjmzbQRAb2XGrKljwqFMXcgaXZuXfnGzmwj5U34bA7HN-qh0bjsBl4k6RwVo11j5Z-xlUHgpFDYZXhwAAJtLo96cyOUzn2wSoqrM9Z0lVXAtaI1yqOP6zIgk74hhRL2YMHr_/s1600/'Mother_and_Egg',_mixed_media_sculpture_by_Kurt_Schwitters.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0OaaHNDM3DjmzbQRAb2XGrKljwqFMXcgaXZuXfnGzmwj5U34bA7HN-qh0bjsBl4k6RwVo11j5Z-xlUHgpFDYZXhwAAJtLo96cyOUzn2wSoqrM9Z0lVXAtaI1yqOP6zIgk74hhRL2YMHr_/s1600/'Mother_and_Egg',_mixed_media_sculpture_by_Kurt_Schwitters.JPG" height="280" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">At this time, Schwitters was actually rather healthy, although he was
also obsessed with his health. He took his stock of medicines with him in a
suitcase wherever he went, adding to them rather than discarding any, and ended
up with a huge stock of remedies.
Although by now he was only having about one seizure a year, the Nazi
hostility to disabled people – as shown by their eugenic policy and
anti-disability propaganda – scared him, because he worried he would be
confined to an asylum. The Nazis would
include him in their exhibitions of Entarte Kunst (Degenerate Art) which toured
Germany from 1933.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Alongside the Entarte Kunst exhibitions, aware of growing hostility
towards Jewish friends and other artists, and now hearing that the Gestapo
wanted to “interview” him, Schwitters and his son left for Norway in 1937,
leaving Helma behind in Hanover to look after the family property. In Norway, he built another Merzbau in his
garden, near Oslo. Helma came several
times to visit her family. But after
Schwitters left Norway for Britain in June 1940, he was never to see his wife
again.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhkb1a5BJmcg4APS3gaNEDp5jeLkoV1Flf0hCEzQaRxYxQqruDf2iL8bTfBBK8YPvBIwAt0cAe2zZc-_htffyBarAc75pXWFU9d76P2M2Hv1T-jIHA9C4Su4GiIXXEMo1paW-0eGhN75hZ/s1600/Schwitters_steinhytta_Hjert%C3%B8ya_15.08.2013_13-47-11.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhkb1a5BJmcg4APS3gaNEDp5jeLkoV1Flf0hCEzQaRxYxQqruDf2iL8bTfBBK8YPvBIwAt0cAe2zZc-_htffyBarAc75pXWFU9d76P2M2Hv1T-jIHA9C4Su4GiIXXEMo1paW-0eGhN75hZ/s1600/Schwitters_steinhytta_Hjert%C3%B8ya_15.08.2013_13-47-11.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">On arrival in Britain, Schwitters joined the thousands of other refugees
who were interned as enemy aliens. Aged
53, he was to endure nearly 18 months of miserable conditions in Edinburgh,
York, Bury and finally the Isle of Man.
These conditions and the anxiety of internment exacerbated his epilepsy,
and his health deteriorated from now on. However, he continued making art, painting
portraits of camp staff and other inmates, and making possibly the world’s
first porridge sculptures. He became a
celebrated and much loved inmate, for quirks like his habit of leaning out of a
window to bark like a dog every evening before retiring to bed. His compatriots would learn his Ursonates
and for in years to come, any reunion of inmates would include recitations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">After release, Schwitters moved to London, where he struggled to survive
and continue making art. His health was
not good, with symptoms of breathlessness and high blood pressure. However, he was now part of a wider artistic
community again, and he was also receiving food parcels from admirers in
America – which also gave him materials for new collages (apparently he also
enjoyed using Bassett’s Liquorice Allsorts wrappers). A fantastic exhibition at Tate Britain in
2013 showed the work Schwitters made at the end of his life in Britain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In London he met a young neighbour, a telephonist called Edith Thomas,
whom he nicknamed Wantee (because she was always offering him cups of tea) and
who called him Jumbo (because he was so tall).
She was to remain his companion throughout the rest of his life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The end of the war was to bring depressing news: not
only was his beloved wife Helma dead from cancer, but also his Mertzbau
installations were destroyed in Allied bombing raids. Nor was Schwitters allowed to emigrate to
America. Instead, in summer 1945, he and
Wantee moved to the Lake District, where the mountains reminded him of Norway. Schwitters and Wantee endured a comically
severe landlady, but made friends with many locals, and he painted portraits
again to gain an income, and made his own work, inspired by the landscape. However, his health was steadily worsening.
He suffered two strokes, a severe haemorrhage, broke his leg, and was several
times near death. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Despite this, in March 1947, he decided to recreate
the Merzbau in a local barn, financed by a grant of $1000 from MoMA in NY. After
the destruction of so much of his work, he was determined to leave something
for posterity. As colder, damper weather
set in during late 1947, this work became more and more difficult. Schwitters could by now only work for 3
hours a day. Even so, he wouldn’t stop
to allow a window and a floor to be put in to make the barn more comfortable,
saying “There is so little time, there is so little time.” </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">As the days became shorter, he worked on by
candlelight. In early November, he
passed out and hit his head on a piece of stone on the floor, which left him
with head wound and two black eyes. He was
heartened to receive the good news that he would shortly become a British
citizen, finally allowing him to travel abroad again. In December, he had trouble breathing on the
way back from the Cinema in Windermere, but he still went to the barn to
work. He collapsed again, and was taken
to Kendal Hospital, where he finally died on 8 January 1948.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Kurt Schwitters died in obscurity, aside from the
appreciation of his friends and fellow artists.
But nevertheless, Schwitters had confidence that he was a great artist,
and that he would one day be rediscovered and celebrated, as has indeed come to
pass. His Merzbarn was moved to the Hatton
Gallery, Newcastle, and he has became one of the most influential twentieth
century artists. Naum Gabo said<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“It needs a poet like Schwitters to show us that
unobserved elements of beauty are strewn and spread all around us, and we can
find them everywhere in the portentous as well as in the insignificant, if only
we care to look… to me, his collages are a constant source of joy.” (Webser,
1997, 395)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Kurt Schwitters’ own final message was this:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“If you people
of the future really want to do me a special favour, then try to appreciate the
most important artists of your time. It’s more important for you and more
pleasurable to me than if you discover me at a time when I have long been
discovered.” (Webster, 1997, 401)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Further reading<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Webster Gwendolen<i>. Kurt Merz Schwitters: a biographical study</i>. University of Wales Press, Cardiff, 1997.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-76279758343902157092014-02-28T12:58:00.002+01:002014-02-28T13:04:04.065+01:00Paul Scarron (July, 1610 - 7 October, 1660)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSi1bHxgoN3kgccEJBlvRjRt_ik8rKXtDBC2RaCRls0wk_xmx2Vjp70_lumOKKVmgH3rWmSJJKB6ZbsLxEw88kyYGfmomzWBqoW9Ju8q-TW_V3AOrSX_QxRvUw8kGw1ucAZrYVrZD1tF9K/s1600/Paul_Scarron_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSi1bHxgoN3kgccEJBlvRjRt_ik8rKXtDBC2RaCRls0wk_xmx2Vjp70_lumOKKVmgH3rWmSJJKB6ZbsLxEw88kyYGfmomzWBqoW9Ju8q-TW_V3AOrSX_QxRvUw8kGw1ucAZrYVrZD1tF9K/s1600/Paul_Scarron_2.jpg" height="200" width="154" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Paul Scarron was a poet, novelist and
dramatist. He was born in Paris: his father was a judge and his uncle was Bishop of Grenoble.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He studied at the Sorbonne, and then was tonsured
as
an </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abb%C3%A9"><span style="color: #053a9a; font-size: 13pt;">abbé</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"> (a sort of confessor attached to noble houses), although he never became a
priest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He served Charles de Beaumanoir, Bishop of Le
Mans, and went with him to Rome in 1635. A year later he was made a canon in
Saint Julian's Cathedral in Le Mans.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Scarron became disabled in 1638.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The cause of his physical impairment is not
confirmed, and at the time was a mystery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In her memoirs, his wife blamed time he spent hiding in a swamp, after
being pursued by townspeople enraged by his feathered costume.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another story suggested that he fell into an
ice-bath during the Carnival season.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His
disease may have been rheumatoid arthritis, or perhaps polio.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Either way, he became paralysed, deformed in
the shape of a Z, and subject to extreme pain, which he medicated with opium.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He used an early wheelchair.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As he wrote himself:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Il n'est plus temps de rimailler;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">On m'a dit qu'il faut détaller :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Moi, qui suis dans un cul de jatte;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Qui ne remue ni pied ni patte,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Et qui n'ai jamais fait un pas,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Il faut aller jusqu'au trépas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">In 1640, Scarron returned to Paris, where he
became known as a writer, and gained a reputation as a libertine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He published burlesque verses (1643), the
first French comic novel, and plays including <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jodelet</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ou le maître valet</i>,
a comedy about a servant and his master (1645) and other burlesque productions.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1649, a penniless lady of good
family became his housekeeper in the Rue d’Enfer, determined to reform him, but
unsuccessfully. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thanks to his literary
success, Scarron gained favour and pensions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, thanks to various literary attacks on Cardinal Mazarin, then
chief minister of France, Scarron lost his pensions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Scarron’s plays were influential on Moliere
and later novelists. He was later memorialized by Alexander Dumas as a minor
character in a novel about D’Artagnan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Scarron resigned from his religious position in
January 1652, because of his marriage to Francoise d'Aubigne, a brilliant and
beautiful woman 25 years his junior.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her
father had been a Huguenot, who was imprisoned for conspiring against Cardinal
Richelieu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From a high class but
impoverished background, Francoise had a difficult upbringing, cared for by
family members and being educated in convent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Her godmother’s mother took her to Paris, where she met Scarron, who
proposed either to marry her, or to pay for her to enter a convent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result of the marriage with Scarron, she
was able to participate in Paris society, where eventually she was to become famous
as Madame de Maintenon, a hugely influential figure at court who is rumoured to
have secretly married King Louis XIV.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">However, this was all after Scarron died.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was to live out his days with Francoise
serving as his carer as well as his wife.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>According to a 1920 entry in the Catholic Encyclopedia, Scarron “for the
remainder of his life was confined to bed, being nursed by his young wife,
whose devotion, piety, and patience were admirable. In a distorted body, he
preserved the acuteness of his mind, and pursued his literary career”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">I would have liked to have met Scarron, because he seems such an interesting and attractive character. He reminds me of certain disabled folk I have met in my own life. He was a prolific writer, a witty critic of society, and clearly someone who knew how to have a good time. I can also empathise with the pain he clearly suffered. As he wrote in his own epitaph:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">"He who sleeps here now<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Deserved more pity than envy,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">And suffered death a thousand times<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Before losing his life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">As you pass, do not make noise here<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Be careful not to wake him<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Because this is the first night<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">That poor Scarron slumbers."</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-50930285424436430912013-11-19T19:14:00.001+01:002013-11-19T19:54:33.630+01:00Harriet McBryde Johnson (1957-2008)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQU5Y47l4gDgilqV_tWBKFdc8KLH_W9dHAxcefcSg8oOvsJJm6et7GKpf0ypZtI9JO-3r2SUt1EqBUw5oDwgL9hhg94_B41knq39yp3FZImEYKZyLW1IalI1K9PQJDxQXcboCrvMZYGd2A/s1600/harriet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQU5Y47l4gDgilqV_tWBKFdc8KLH_W9dHAxcefcSg8oOvsJJm6et7GKpf0ypZtI9JO-3r2SUt1EqBUw5oDwgL9hhg94_B41knq39yp3FZImEYKZyLW1IalI1K9PQJDxQXcboCrvMZYGd2A/s400/harriet.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;">“I am in the first
generation to survive to such decrepitude. Because antibiotics were available,
we didn't die from the childhood pneumonias that often come with weakened
respiratory systems. I guess it is natural enough that most people don't know
what to make of us.”</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;">Born in Laurinburg, North Carolina on July 8, 1957, Harriet McBryde
Johnson was one of five children born to parents who were college
lecturers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sister died of the same progressive
neuromuscular condition that she herself experienced.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thanks initially to the family’s economic
security and later to her own professional career, she benefitted from the
personal assistance and the power chair that enabled her to participate in American
society. She always knew that she was one of the privileged ones, who could escape what she
called the “Disability Gulag”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;">From an early age, Johnson realized that she would have a limited life
expectancy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was an activist by the
time she was a teenager at special school, trying to get an abusive teacher
fired.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like thousands of other disabled
people, she thought that television charity telethons – such as the
annual Jerry Lewis event on American TV – were demeaning and counter-productive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later she would describe herself as holding
the world endurance record for protesting the Jerry Lewis telethon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In return, Lewis described activists such as
Johnson as the equivalent of Lebanon’s Hezbollah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;">Harriet McBryde Johnson earned undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in history and public
administration in Charleston.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After
graduating from the University of South Carolina Law School in 1985, she set up in
private practice as a lawyer, where she specialized in welfare and civil rights
claims for poor people with disabilities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She was also active in the Charleston Democratic Party, first as secretary and then as chair.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;">Johnson’s intelligence and confidence made her an ideal advocate for
disabled people, not just in the courtroom but also in the political arena and through the pages of America’s newspapers. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She
also had a wry sense of humour, as another extract from her writing
demonstrates:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;">“It's not that I'm ugly.
It's more that most people don't know how to look at me. The sight of me is
routinely discombobulating. The power wheelchair is enough to inspire gawking,
but that's the least of it. Much more impressive is the impact on my body of
more than four decades of a muscle-wasting disease. At this stage of my life,
I'm Karen Carpenter thin, flesh mostly vanished, a jumble of bones in a floppy
bag of skin.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;">Beginning in April 2001, her most famous intervention was a series of
encounters with the Princeton philosopher Peter Singer. A utilitarian, Singer has notoriously
challenged the value of life, and suggested that it should be permissible for
severely impaired newborns to be killed. In 2002, she debated publicly with
Singer, and subsequently published “Unspeakable conversations”, an article in
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New York Times</i>, the source of the
self-description above.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Johnson pointed
out that: “The presence or absence of a disability doesn’t predict quality of
life.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Drawing on her own experience as
someone with a neuromuscular impairment, she argued:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;">“We take constraints that
no one would choose and build rich and satisfying lives within them. We enjoy
pleasures other people enjoy, and pleasures peculiarly our own.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;">Singer’s theories may lead him to obnoxious conclusions on the
topic of disability, but he is no bigot: on other issues he is very progressive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He is also of course formidably intelligent. On the
one occasion that I debated with him on radio, I found him a rather cold and
intimidating opponent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By matching him
in person and in print, Johnson made a huge impact on all those who heard or
read her, enabling millions to access and understand the arguments that the
disability rights organization Not Dead Yet was propounding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In particular, as an atheist Democrat, she
helped non-disabled people understand that arguments against assisted suicide and
selective abortion came not only from Christian conservatives, but also from the disability rights community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;">Johnson published two books.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
first, a memoir called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Too Late to Die
Young</i>, was published in 2005 and contains eloquent descriptions of living
with personal assistance, of fighting prejudice and of the value of life as a
disabled person, what she called “bearing witness to our pleasures”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the preface, she wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;">“For any Charleston lawyer,
any Southern lawyer for that matter, storytelling skill comes so close to being
a job requirement that maybe it should be tested in the bar exam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Beyond that, for me, storytelling is a
survival tool, a means of getting people to do what I want.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;">A novel, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Accidents of Nature</i>,
about a girl with cerebral palsy who had never known another disabled person
until she went to camp, was published in 2006.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;">When Harriet McBryde Johnson died two years later, aged only 50, the
fact that she had obituaries in both the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New
York Times</i> and the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wall Street
Journal</i> demonstrates the impact her life and writing had had on American
culture and politics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Further information</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.0pt;">
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<!--EndFragment-->Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-25724390491786638982013-11-08T15:56:00.002+01:002013-11-08T16:02:22.896+01:00William Soutar (1898-1943)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0AxVau0GPtsLt1kPuXqhou44cN34sjfYPuCxQCc2gspoFWWMyXPpSMkTS0nOU9eNLco11YevrU076fKQrkruw0rrksK6odRvkA4QS96u9CtoCfOEMxx-fM3RTA8TfvANl2CZsNChJ5TN4/s1600/soutar+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0AxVau0GPtsLt1kPuXqhou44cN34sjfYPuCxQCc2gspoFWWMyXPpSMkTS0nOU9eNLco11YevrU076fKQrkruw0rrksK6odRvkA4QS96u9CtoCfOEMxx-fM3RTA8TfvANl2CZsNChJ5TN4/s1600/soutar+.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">William Soutar was born in Perth, Scotland, in 1898, son of John, a
joiner, and Margaret.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At school, he
excelled on the sports field, and led a pupil strike.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At Perth Academy, he began to develop his
literary skills.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later he would recall:
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">“That was my eighteenth
year while yet the shadow of war was unacknowledged. Then I was one of the
fleetest at the Academy; one of the strongest; first in my year at most things;
I was writing poetry; I was in love; I was popular both in the classroom and
the playing field. I never reached this condition of living fullness again
except in brief moments.” </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">In 1917, he joined the Navy and served for two years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By the end of his military service, he was beginning to suffer from skeletal pains.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He went up to Edinburgh University, initially to read medicine, but then changed to
English.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> At this time, </span>Soutar sent some of his poems
to Hugh MacDiarmid, who described him as already being in the top fifty Scottish
poets.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Soutar's first volume of poetry was
published before he graduated in 1923.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">But by then his symptoms had spread from his legs to his back, which prevented
him pursuing his plan to become a teacher.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">The family moved house to 27 Wilson Street, now a museum to the
poet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His condition continued to worsen,
and eventually he was diagnosed as having ankylosing spondylitis, an incurable
spinal condition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On getting his
diagnosis, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">‘suddenly
I halted in the dusk beside the pillars of West St. George’s, Edinburgh, and
stood for a moment bareheaded, saying over to myself, “Now I can be a poet.” ‘</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">He would become a leading figure of the Scottish Literary Renaissance. As time went on, more and more of Soutar's poetry was written in Scots:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></i></b>
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The
Makar</span></i></b><br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Nae
man wha loves the lawland tongue </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">but
warstles wi' the thoucht- <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">there
are mair sangs that bide unsung <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">nor
a' that hae been wroucht. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ablow
the wastrey o' the years, <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">the
thorter o' himsel' <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">deep
buried in his bluid <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">he
hears a music that is leal. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">And
wi' this lealness gangs his ain; <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">and
there's nae ither gait <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">though
a' his feres were fremmit men <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">wha
cry: Owre late, owre late.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">By 1930, he was confined permanently to bed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His father made adaptations so he could live
comfortably at home in a ground floor bedroom with a large window looking onto
Craigie hill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Whan Gowdan are the
Carse-lands</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"> <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Braw are the Grampian
Mountains <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Whan simmer licht is
still;<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"> And gowdan are the
Carse-lands <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Ablow the Corsie Hill. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Yonder the gowdan
steeple <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Spires up frae the auld
toun, <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">And the brig wides
through the water<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Owre far awa for soun’. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">And its easy in this
quiet, <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">Sae gowdan and sae
still, <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">To lippen that a’ the
world <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">And your ain hert will
hale.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Soutar would lie propped up in bed, in jacket and bow tie, and receive a
constant stream of visitors, many of them leading literary figures, and when
they went away, he would write poems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
kept a diary, published as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diaries of a
Dying Man</i>, and one entry reads:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">'I see eight people have called
this week...this means at least twenty hours at least spent in mediocre
conversation. My God!'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">He yearned for emotional and sexual release, but lived under the
protection of his fiercely religious parents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">When his parents adopted a five year old orphan cousin, Evelyn, this
spurred Soutar to write poetry for children, what he called bairn-rhymes, a
volume of which were published in 1933,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For example:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">The
tattie-bogle wags his airms: Caw! Caw! Caw! </span></i><br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">He hasna onie banes or thairms: Caw!
Caw! Caw!<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">We
corbies wha hae taken tent, and whamphl’d round, and glower’d asklent, <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Noo
gang hame lauchin owre the bent: Caw! Caw! Caw!<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">For a long time, he was best known for these short verses for children.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Willie Soutar was a socialist
and a nationalist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">He wrote in</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"> 1932:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">‘My
life’s purpose is to write poetry – but behind the poetry must be the vision of
a fresh revelation for men.’</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">In July 1943, he was diagnosed with
tuberculosis, and by October he was dead, aged only 45.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The editor of his diaries wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“His poetry was the prize
wrested from a battle against death and despair which he fought for half a
lifetime.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Seeing life with clear eyes,
knowing joy as well as bleakness, Soutar himself summed up life in a poem:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></i></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Autobiography<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Out
of the darkness of the womb <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Into
a bed, into a room: <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Out
of a garden into a town, <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">And
to a country, and up and down <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The
earth; the touch of women and men <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">And
back into a garden again: <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Into
a garden; into a room; <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Into
a bed and into a tomb; <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">And
the darkness of the world's womb.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.williamsoutar.com/">Website</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-4895661573268706352013-07-28T22:37:00.001+02:002013-07-29T08:52:02.204+02:00Ian Dury (1942-2000)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXcmTnc1IaKkEDl0rVpKeLwLEouR3P5ywiiqxPmNQwi6KR3U-xsHSq07iJ7m_zGtWSDp9ze9UWVcCCJ8YKxyt7ML5MSSVhziXZwhFkMDh297k43n8GZK1iyW8LgQSSIWbx-QWky-SavzxV/s1600/Ian_Dury_One.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXcmTnc1IaKkEDl0rVpKeLwLEouR3P5ywiiqxPmNQwi6KR3U-xsHSq07iJ7m_zGtWSDp9ze9UWVcCCJ8YKxyt7ML5MSSVhziXZwhFkMDh297k43n8GZK1iyW8LgQSSIWbx-QWky-SavzxV/s320/Ian_Dury_One.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>There’s been no
shortage of disabled popular musicians (Ray Charles, Stevie Wonder, Gene
Vincent), and even a good sprinkling of polio-survivor musicians (Judy Collins,
Donovan, Joni Mitchell, Neil Young), but no other mainstream-successful
singer-songwriter has ever explored disability and attitudes to disabled people
as powerfully and memorably as Ian Dury.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Ian Dury was born
in Harrow, son of a bus driver and a health visitor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After the war, the family briefly lived in
Switzerland, where his father was working as a chauffeur.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the relationship broke down, Dury’s
mother Peggy came back to England with her son and lived with her sister, a
doctor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aged 7, Dury contracted polio,
he believed from the Southend swimming baths: this was during the 1949 epidemic
when the virus was rife and there was no vaccine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The newly disabled child was to spend
eighteen months in hospital, much of it immobilized in plaster, and then, braced
with a caliper, spent most of his teenage years at Chailey Heritage
Craft School in Sussex.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">This
residential institution had the explicit intention of toughening up disabled
children to prepare the rigours of the outside world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As well as the cruelty there was also, Dury reported, quite a few “pervs” on the staff.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Writing about polio and music, George McKay has suggested that the
enforced isolation and immobility which young people experienced with the
disease may have shaped their creative persona, through so</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">litary introspection,
as well as their emotional lives.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Palatino; mso-bidi-font-family: Palatino;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dury later said:</span><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Palatino; mso-bidi-font-family: Palatino;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Arial;">“Being in that place is one
of the reasons I talk the way I talk. Before that I talked not quite BBC. A
third of the kids there were funny in the head as well as being disabled . . .
The situation was that from within you got very strong, but also you got
coarsened . . . There was a lot of behaviour that just don’t happen in the
outside world. Later you pretend to be arty about it but when I was there, I
was just there, it was real. Thinkin’ about it now, I realise it was fuckin’
heavy. It was like a hospital in one way, like a school in another way, and
like a prison in another way.”</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Because he was
academic, Dury’s family managed to get him entry to the Royal Grammar School in
High Wycombe, where he received further rough treatment because of his
disability.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He passed O Levels in
English Language and Literature and Art, and went to first Walthamstow Art
College and then the Royal College of Art, where he studied under the pop
artist Peter Blake.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His paintings of
this time concentrate on gangsters or the female nude</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"> (<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"I was very interested in Trilby hats and tits"</span>). S</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">ome were <a href="http://www.iandury.co.uk/ian-dury-art-exhibition/">exhibited</a> during summer
2013.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While Dury was subsequently to teach art at
Canterbury College of Art, he decided that his talents lay elsewhere. So instead,
he recruited several of his students into his first rock band, Kilburn and the
High Roads, which started gigging in 1971.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">This first
musical outing was a good pub band, as well as being a bunch of misfits and freaks
who attracted attention for their look as well as their music.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But it was with his second band, the
Blockheads, signed in 1977, that Ian Dury became a major British pop star.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His Stiff Records releases such as “What A
Waste”, “Wake Up, And Make Love with Me”, “Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick” and “Sex
and Drugs and Rock and Roll” and albums such as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New Boots and Panties!!</i> topped the charts during the 1980s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dury’s gravelly delivery, the tunes of Chaz
Jankel, and the punk/funk style were all part of the success, but the major factor
must have been the wit and poignancy of Dury’s lyrics, a cut above almost all
his contemporaries, except Elvis Costello.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> He wrote and sang about ordinary English working class lives. </span>As Robin Denselow said in his obituary, Dury was</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">“<span style="color: #262626;">one of few true originals of the English music scene, the
only man to successfully combine the energy and excitement of rock 'n' roll and
funk with the bawdy humour, wit and home-spun philosophy of music-hall and of
his native Essex.”</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">From the
start, disability was part of the story.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Dury</span> faced opposition when he wanted to become a performer, and even when successful,
record labels were adverse to him making his disability explicit, but he
overruled them, as with his decision to appear in the 1979 “Rhythm Stick” video
with his withered arm exposed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The song
“Dance of the Screamers” was about the rigours of physiotherapy. Dury explained: “<span style="color: #1a1818;">It was called the screaming ward and you could hear
people screaming on the way there, and it was you when you was there, and you
could hear the others on the way back.”</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Another song
went:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Hey, hey, take me away <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">I hate waking up in this place <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">There’s nutters in here who whistle and
cheer <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">When they’re watching a one-legged race
<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">And a one-legged prefect gets me in bed
<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Makes me play with his dick <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">One-legged horn and he’s shouting the
odds <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Arial;">Driving me bloody well sick. </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Perhaps the most
memorable example of Dury's engagement with disability politics came in 1981, the International Year of the Disabled.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was a turning point in the history of
the disability movement, with disabled activists walking out of Rehabilitation
International to form Disabled People’s International.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dury despised those patronizing attitudes too:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Arial;">The Year of Our Disabled
Lord 1981 I was getting lots of requests. I turned them all down. We had this
thing called the ‘polio folio’, and we used to put them in there . . . Instead
I wrote this tune called ‘Spasticus Autisticus’. I said, I’m going to put a
band down the road for the year of the disabled; I’ll be Spastic and they can
be the Autistics. I have [my band named the] Blockheads and that means they’re
autistic anyway. And my mate goes, ‘No – Spasticus Autisticus, the [rebel]
slave’. Great, I’m Spartacus. So I wrote this tune . . . [I]t wasn’t allowed to
be played anywhere and people got offended by it – everybody except the
spastics.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">The resulting song included
lyrics such as:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">I widdle <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">when I piddle <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">’cos my middle<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is a riddle ...<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">I’m knobbled<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">on the cobbles<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">‘cos I hobble <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1a1818; font-family: Arial;">when I wobble.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">So place your hard-earned peanuts in my tin<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">And thank the Creator you're not in the state I'm in<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">So long have I been languished on the shelf<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">I must give all proceedings to myself<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">At the time, the
song was banned by the BBC, but twenty years later it was to be part of the
opening ceremony of the London 2012 Paralympics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Dury was to
have some success as an actor, with roles in films, TV and stage plays, and he
also wrote a musical, <i>Apples</i>, staged at The Royal Court.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He turned down the opportunity to write the
libretto of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cats</i>, because, as he
said, "Andrew Lloyd Webber is a w*nker”, thus saving his own credibility but
losing out on millions.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Dury spoke out
for Safe Sex, at the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, and during the 1990s, he
served as a UNICEF Peace Ambassador.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, he never became closely involved with the disability movement, and always aimed at the mainstream.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> In the mid1990s, </span>I remember filming a disability cabaret for
Channel 4 in a London pub with various other disabled performers, with Ian Dury
as part of the line-up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although he was
friendly, he also appeared a bit bemused by the situation, and remained on the
sidelines with a couple of his mates for most of the recording.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">In 1996, Dury was
diagnosed with colorectal cancer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
died in March 2000, weeks after a final performance in aid of Cancer Backup.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since his death, the reputation of this
well-loved, acerbic, stubborn, difficult, singer-songwriter has, if anything,
grown.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was the subject of a biopic,
and his songs were used as the basis for a play, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Reasons
to be Cheerful</i>, by the Graeae Theatre company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> I think</span> Dury differs from much of the modern
disability movement because of his uncompromising willingness to name
impairment for what it is.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He nails
patronizing attitudes, but he also turns his unblinking eye on the difficulties
and drawbacks of being a cripple.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And above
all, he does it with humour.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Links<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">George McKay
<a href="http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2372/1/displayFulltext.pdf">article</a></span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Ian Dury <a href="http://www.iandury.co.uk/">website</a></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-86467008947053655532013-06-28T22:39:00.002+02:002013-06-30T00:36:03.037+02:00Ed Roberts (1939-1995)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“If I’m going to be a
vegetable, I’m going to be an artichoke, prickly on the outside, with a big
heart in the middle”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Before Ed Roberts contracted polio at the age of 14, he had
wanted to be a marine, dragging his mother Zona to visit gun shops. After he recovered from the disease, he was
left paralysed from the neck down, able to move only two fingers and two
toes. He could barely breathe, and slept
in an iron lung at night. Yet despite
this, he gained undergraduate and postgraduate degrees, worked in leadership
roles in the disability movement and disability sector, married and had a son. No wonder that he is considered a hero, and
not just to disabled people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">As a teen, Ed Roberts attended school by means of a
telephone connection which allowed him to listen, or speak, in class. Then his mother insisted that he attend
school for a few hours each week. He
learned to cope with the incessant staring from other students, who had never
encountered a severely disabled person before.
Roberts simply decided that he would be like a star. When it came to graduation, he encountered
another obstacle: he was required to have credits in physical education and a
driving licence to get his diploma. He
and his family successfully protested and he succeeded in graduating at last.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In 1962, Roberts was accepted at Berkeley. However, he encountered another barrier when
the University discovered that he was disabled.
The authorities said there would be no room for his iron lung in the student dorm. As the Dean commented “We’ve
tried cripples before but it didn’t work”.
The solution was for Roberts to live in an empty wing of Cowell hospital
on campus. He insisted that it would be
a student accommodation, not a medical centre, and the Cowell Residence Program
was born. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; text-align: center;">Roberts was the first student with severe disability at
Berkeley, but other disabled students soon joined him. The
fledgling disability rights group which resulted became known as “the Rolling
Quads”. They campaigned for community
inclusion, and advocated for access improvements, for example the first kerb
cut in America. This was a time of
political change in America. The Rolling
Quads would learn about stereotypes from the second wave feminists who were
campaigning, and they pointed out to the Black Power activists that people with
disabilities were also oppressed. Meanwhile
the Berkeley Physically Disabled Students Program became a national and global
pioneer, offering personal assistance
services, equipment and other support to students. Roberts’ mother Zona ran the assistance
service, which recruited Viet Nam war conscientious objectors among others. In 1967, she became a Berkeley student herself,
and later she became a counsellor for disabled people.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Ed Roberts got his BA in 1964 and MA in 1966, and enrolled
in a PhD program, all in Political Science.
But he left to teach at another college in California. The Disabled Students Program led to an explosion of demand from other disabled people, who were not students, because there was no other option for finding assistance. As a result, Berkeley Center for Independent Living
was founded and Roberts returned to become its Executive Director. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">A friend of mine, Jean, remembered meeting Ed at Zona's house around this time: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>"</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>I went in into the living room, and it was quite a big room, and there were six people in there, and one of them was in an iron lung, and the other five were in wheelchairs. And they were watching a basketball game and Ed, in the iron lung, was watching it in a mirror over his head, upside down as it were, and they were all absolutely stoned out of their minds. And I thought 'Oh my God!'. I was just in a complete state of shock... </i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>He was an extraordinary person because he wanted to have a
life, and he felt he had a right to have a life. </i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span>
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">There’s a great story about him, when he
first was accepted at UC Berkeley, he was described as 'a helpless cripple',
and 'the first crippled person to go to UCB'…I just thought, after I’d got to
know him a bit, it seemed so funny to me that someone would describe Ed as
helpless, because a less helpless person you would never wish to meet, because
he was so empowered to get what he wanted.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span>
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Ed was quiet, and very articulate, and it sounds funny to say that,
because his conversation was constantly interrupted with the breathing, the
iron lung breathed for him, and when he was out of it, it was maybe four hours
a</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">day at that point, he had to do this
special breathing... so that his conversation was always interrupted by the sound of his
breath... I was so conscious of his vulnerability in the world because just one thing goes wrong and he will suffocate, he will die.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></i>
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Partly because of his breathing problems
there was nothing loud about him, and he was very definite, and he also
made very good use of his words.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">He was
very economical with his words, because he had to be, so he would work out what
he wanted to say and he would say it, and it had an impact when he said it."</span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In 1976, the Democrat Governor Jerry Brown appointed
Roberts as Director of the California Department of Vocational Rehabilitation,
a role he retained until the political landscape changed in 1983. Ironically, it was this Department which had
originally said that Roberts was too severely disabled to work. While in Sacramento, Roberts married
Catherine McDugan, an occupational therapist, and their son Lee was born in
1978.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">After the political landscape changed and he left his State post, Ed Roberts was awarded a
MacArthur Fellowship – one of their “genius awards” - giving him five years stipend
plus academic funding. He contributed the latter to the new World
Institute on Disability, which he had founded alongside Judy Heumann and Joan
Leon back in Berkeley. Roberts remained
director of WID for the rest of his life. An inspirational figure to both the American and global disability movements, Robe</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">rts also contributed to the creation of Disabled People
International in 1991. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">On March 14 1995, Ed Roberts died suddenly, either from a
heart attack or stroke. However, he is
not forgotten. The day of his birth, 23
January, has now become celebrated in America as Ed Roberts Day. His
wheelchair is in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnliYjzQcWE2gHod15zv8eyUvFKcBxzkN0bgmHrmEboXc1qElezqshK6NlWQrWRcWzLoaiL98wq4Q9wxgYWoZozZCz62FEplqIkRXazDU_RzZQC5cXMnhWAymXom0D8z7Ncn7XIXJxeyQm/s262/ed+roberts+chair.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnliYjzQcWE2gHod15zv8eyUvFKcBxzkN0bgmHrmEboXc1qElezqshK6NlWQrWRcWzLoaiL98wq4Q9wxgYWoZozZCz62FEplqIkRXazDU_RzZQC5cXMnhWAymXom0D8z7Ncn7XIXJxeyQm/s200/ed+roberts+chair.jpg" width="190" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In his memory, the Ed Roberts Campus was
founded in Berkeley in 2011, bringing together the Centre for Independent
Living, the World Institute on Disability, the Disability Rights and Education
Development Fund, and other organisations in a fully accessible setting. Berkeley remains globally renowned as the
birthplace of modern disability rights activism, with Ed Roberts as the
godfather of the movement. </span><br />
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Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-24064183809079147462013-05-16T22:15:00.004+02:002013-05-18T14:15:46.004+02:00Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_gXS3sGEN-53OzvT4FHq5XJOH7UEqGftoi_BstFJ6JFC5oNt0A92EtIf9fwa6WPocAIYg38nmXfdoJbjh9MvWXMTFvTM9cD2X5XugQ59m2RRBkvz5GRACBOgCGNsvRRBsDQfm98NHlF2Q/s1600/Harriet_Martineau_by_Richard_Evans.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_gXS3sGEN-53OzvT4FHq5XJOH7UEqGftoi_BstFJ6JFC5oNt0A92EtIf9fwa6WPocAIYg38nmXfdoJbjh9MvWXMTFvTM9cD2X5XugQ59m2RRBkvz5GRACBOgCGNsvRRBsDQfm98NHlF2Q/s320/Harriet_Martineau_by_Richard_Evans.jpg" width="257" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b>This
week, the distinguished contemporary writer Ali Smith gave the inaugural
Harriet Martineau lecture for Norwich Writers’ Centre, bringing alive a woman
who in her time was ubiquitous, but who now is hardly known. Martineau was a political journalist, an
early sociologist, a radical campaigner, a traveller and an author who inspired
Charlotte Bronte, Charles Darwin, George Eliot, Virginia Woolf and many others.</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Ali
Smith began by pointing out the extraordinary coincidence that first Harriet
Martineau and twenty years later Elizabeth Fry (neé Gurney) were born in the
same house, Gurney Court, off Magdalen Street, Norwich, ten minutes walk from
where I am writing this blog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Martineau
was shaped by the Nonconformist Unitarian milieu in which she grew up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a child, Martineau was a prodigious
learner, for example she committed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Paradise
Lost</i> to memory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps as a result,
she was always a redoubtable free-thinker.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She was arguing with the Bible from the age of 8, and later decided that
gods, whether in Eastern or Western versions, were no more than human
creations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This conclusion rather
dismayed her Unitarian family.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Growing
up, with a mother who promoted feminine graces, s</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">he seems to have used sewing as a cover for learning:
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">"When I was young, it was not thought proper for
young ladies to study very conspicuously; and especially with pen in
hand. Young ladies...were expected to sit down in the parlour to sew, -
during which reading aloud was permitted</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">". Not only did she sew all
her own clothes, she also used needlework as a way of supporting herself as a
young writer, after the collapse of the family textile business in 1828. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">"I
sewed indefatigably all those years...I made literally all my clothes, as I
grew up...The amount of time spent in sewing now appears frightful: but it was
the way in those days, among people like ourselves"</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Martineau
began to go deaf at the age of 12.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She
also lost her sense of smell and taste.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But
she did not let this undermine her, saying later <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“this same deafness is about the best thing that ever happened to me”.</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ali Smith talked about how Martineau had to
work out how to hold her ear trumpet so it did not disturb her hat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her 1834 essay “Letter to the Deaf” advises
people with hearing loss to be independent and sociable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hearing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>people, she suggested, should be matter-of-fact about deafness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The essay was reprinted by welfare societies
for the benefit of deaf people.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">In
the late 1830s, Martineau came to fame as a writer with a series of monthly
parables about economics which were read around the world and underpinned her
financial security, as well as earning her a lifetime ban from Russia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1835, she toured America and spoke at
anti-slavery meetings which led to mob protests and death-threats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On her return, she wrote <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Society in America</i>, with the abolitionist theme again leading to
outrage across the pond.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was at this
time, through a friendship with his brother Erasmus that came close to marriage,
that Martineau influenced Charles Darwin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Her work against slavery later earned her a commemorative statue in
Wellesley College, near Boston.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">For
feminist Martineau, the personal was political.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Every experience turned into an essay.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For example, in the 1840s, she spent five years as an invalid, possibly suffering
from a uterine tumour (I was glad to discover she stayed for a time with her brother
in Newcastle, and in Tynemouth, using her telescope to watch the beach).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eventually, her symptoms were miraculously
cured by the fashionable new technique of Mesmerism, or hypnosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Immediately she wrote about her illness and
cure, in another collection of essays, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Life
in the Sick-Room</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">In
1845, Martineau went to the Lake District to convalesce after illness, and fell
in love with the scenery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She bought a
field near Ambleside, and designed and had built “The Knoll”, which still
exists and can be rented as a holiday cottage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She would hold tea and dinner parties, where guests like Wordsworth and
Coleridge would be encouraged to plant trees in her grounds.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">In
1846, travelling in Egypt, Palestine and Syria, she was very interested in the
life of the Harem, which she considered must be extremely boring.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to Ali Smith, Marteau asked her host to buy skipping ropes for the women she had met there, so they
would have something to do and a means to keep healthy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For herself, after a rather disastrous
early romance, she seems to have decided that she was better off single.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">In
1851, Martineau wrote <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Laws of Man’s
Nature and Development</i>, a proto-evolutionary text (eight years before
Darwin published).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Written in epistolary
form and promoting atheism, it was widely condemned for its secularism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When Darwin finally published <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Origin of Species </i>in 1859, she lamented
his obfuscation on the matter of God.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In 1853, she translated the work of Auguste Comte, the pioneering French
sociologist, into English.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two years
later, fearing imminent death from heart disease, she wrote her autobiography
in three months.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was to live for
another twenty years and her auobiography would be published posthumously. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Harriet
Martineau wrote 1642 newspaper editorials and 100 books, and had opinions, and
influence, on every topic of the day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many
of her articles were unashamedly feminist, for example when she wrote about the problem of wife-beating.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She campaigned for women’s
suffrage and against the notorious Contagious Disease Act, favouring instead
regulated prostitution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She also
collaborated with another great Victorian thinker and disabled person, Florence
Nightingale, to improve the situation in hospitals. With her first-hand
knowledge and personal contacts, Martineau covered the American Civil War
extensively, naturally taking a pro-North, pro-Lincoln campaigning stand. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">But
Martineau was by no means a straightforwardly progressive figure.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Coming from a manufacturing background,
Martineau supported a laissez-faire approach in economics, in contrast to
Dickens and others who favoured regulation of factories to achieve better
health and safety – what she described as “meddling legislation”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her
outspokenness </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">naturally
caused friction, but she was also widely admired.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>George Eliot wrote <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">"she is a trump -- the only English
woman that possesses thoroughly the art of writing."</span></i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Harriet
Martineau’s novels include <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Hour and
the Man</i>, a historical novel about the Haiti slave rebellion of Toussaint
l’Ouverture, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Deerbrook</i>, about a
failed romance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She also wrote four novels for children.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To modern readers, her style appears
long-winded and ponderous, which is perhaps why she is not often read today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ali Smith quoted the obituary that typically
Martineau wrote for herself:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Her original power was nothing more
than was due to earnestness and intellectual clearness within a certain range.
With small imaginative and suggestive powers, and therefore nothing approaching
to genius, she could see clearly what she did see, and give a clear expression
to what she had to say. In short, she could popularize while she could neither
discover nor invent.<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">This modesty obscures the reality that Harriet
Martineau was an inspiring, pioneering, passionate, original woman: would that any of us could leave a legacy
half as significant as hers. </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgse13DBitWDfQATCyhRN9hmMcGteOywj8L-Ku2Y1a_IWMkmjKUYE-HHoMZ2c06VO5Q_nLVeJm_7Rld19YhqD2-dweZ5uzzoWxCItzr0jqiL-muZqhY4jgnwZnJWbE90b2Iw9llglb1qPL_/s1600/martineau.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgse13DBitWDfQATCyhRN9hmMcGteOywj8L-Ku2Y1a_IWMkmjKUYE-HHoMZ2c06VO5Q_nLVeJm_7Rld19YhqD2-dweZ5uzzoWxCItzr0jqiL-muZqhY4jgnwZnJWbE90b2Iw9llglb1qPL_/s1600/martineau.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">In closing, Ali Smith
suggested that now that Elizabeth Fry is to be replaced on banknotes by Winston
Churchill, we might all ink in Martineau’s image by way of protest at the lack
of women on our currency. For a
neglected Englishwoman whose fame began with her writings on political economy,
it would be an appropriate memorial.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-50905780497926997552013-04-28T14:08:00.001+02:002013-05-08T09:36:42.150+02:00Django Reinhardt (1910-1953)<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDMSVspRTozLOCz7EqeXwLQrnYgjknPjUly-uMYkrxIUZYZ8WSa3tC1KbD8Nj5_Aid8ZeM75HfjreuLNEIetBflVdUzNPc4T-7LevSsnOVKz6ywFgAuNUAfKNwbpjl_XOjI04WI37UrFQ4/s1600/220px-Django_Reinhardt_(Gottlieb_07301).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDMSVspRTozLOCz7EqeXwLQrnYgjknPjUly-uMYkrxIUZYZ8WSa3tC1KbD8Nj5_Aid8ZeM75HfjreuLNEIetBflVdUzNPc4T-7LevSsnOVKz6ywFgAuNUAfKNwbpjl_XOjI04WI37UrFQ4/s1600/220px-Django_Reinhardt_(Gottlieb_07301).jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Disability is hardly incompatible
with musical success, as deaf Beethoven or Evelyn Glennie,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and a myriad of blind classical, jazz and
blues musicians can attest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Several
great musicians have had physical impairments, including reputedly Paganini
with Marfan syndrome.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But Django
Reinhardt was perhaps the best example of a musician who overcame a
career-ending injury to achieve international distinction: along the way, he invented a whole new style of jazz guitar.</b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Jean Reinhardt was born in a Gypsy
caravan in Belgium, the son of an itinerant musician and a dancer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The nickname Django means “I awake” in the
Romani language.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reinhardt spent his
youth in Roma encampments near to Paris.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He had minimal formal education, and nor did he join the family
enterprise of furniture making.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead,
he learned to play violin and banjo from an early age, and was making a living
from music by the time he was 13.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">When he was 18, Django Reinhardt
was injured in a caravan fire, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which was
caused by a knocked-over candle that ignited the paper and celluloid flowers
that his first wife Bella made to sell.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The burns were so extensive that doctors wanted to amputate his left
leg.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But Reinhardt discharged himself
from hospital, taught himself to walk, and within a year was mobile with a
stick.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fire also left Reinhardt’s
left hand badly damaged: he was unable to bend the two smaller fingers, and he
had limited function in the rest of the hand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But Reinhardt learned to play the guitar
again, using his thumb, index and middle fingers to pick out tunes, with the
damaged fingers only used for chords.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">During his convalescence, his wife
left him, taking his baby son.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the
following years were a turning point for Reinhardt, as he first heard American
jazz music on record, and he met Stephane Grappelli, a younger violinist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With other musicians, they began to jam
together and develop a new style based on stringed instruments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1934, they were invited to play as the
Quintette du Hot Club de France, in Paris.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Reinhardt's style has been described as "the clock that laughs", because of the combination of relentless beat and lightness. </span>Thanks to their increasing success, Reinhardt was able to play with many
American jazz musicians who visited Paris, such as Coleman Hawkins. He also married again, and had another son.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">When war broke out, the Quintette
were on tour in England, but Reinhardt returned to Paris.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Under the Nazi occupation, jazz had an ambiguous
status: never formally banned, it was nevertheless persecuted as Negro
music.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, some Nazis enjoyed and
supported jazz music.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Trying several
times to escape France, Reinhardt knew he was in some danger because of his
Romani heritage: the Nazis exterminated several hundred thousand European
Romani people.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br />
In 1946, Django Reinhardt toured the United States with Duke Ellington’s
orchestra, taking six curtain calls when they played Carnegie Hall.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, he never really did well in America,
and returned to France in 1947, to continue collaborating with Grappelli and
playing the jazz clubs of Paris<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">. </span>Despite a somewhat unpredictable approach to performing - turning up late, with unpolished shoes, or disappearing to play billiards or go fishing - he recorded
albums, and began to experiment with electric guitar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In 1953, Django Reinhardt collapsed
with a stroke, after walking home from the railway station after an evening
playing in a Paris club.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Because it was
a weekend, it took 24 hours before he got medical attention, and then he was
found dead on arrival at the Fontainebleau hospital.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Since his untimely death, Django
Reinhardt has gained legendary status in the world of music, despite only
coming 66th <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the Flemish and 76th in
the Walloon versions of The Greatest Belgian competition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His
own family have continued his musical tradition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reinhardt’s distinctive approach has
influenced not just jazz, but also rock and country guitar players.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, Jerry Garcia of The Grateful
Dead, who also damaged a finger in an accident, said of Django Reinhardt:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>"His technique is awesome!
Even today, nobody has really come to the state that he was playing at. As good
as players are, they haven’t gotten to where he is. There’s a lot of guys that
play fast and a lot of guys that play clean, and the guitar has come a long way
as far as speed and clarity go, but nobody plays with the whole fullness of
expression that Django has. I mean, the combination of incredible speed – all
the speed you could possibly want – but also the thing of every note have a
specific personality. You don’t hear it. I really haven’t heard it anywhere but
with Django"</i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Trying to pin down that personality, I spoke to my friend the violinist and researcher Tom Ling, who still plays the tunes of the Hot Club de Paris: for him, the music of Django Reinhardt </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>"comes closest to simulating pure joy. Not profundity, but floating, astonishing joy."</i></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Links<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Django Reinhardt <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ZmA8gsBxIg">playing with the Quintette du Hot Club de Paris</a></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Miles Kington <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/djangoreinhardt.shtml">talking about jazz under the Nazis</a> </span></div>
Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-75020687535279919862013-04-20T12:39:00.001+02:002015-01-10T12:23:13.545+01:00Bryan Pearce (1929-2007)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha8qObaqQoK2z61WKKhWbNgm9Fxc-_DLNOBBt3ELvf0woKw0sVUwmykbBY20rl7fWZ5pZ7DplcCjWGESojWkmQ7i1fL_BaaxDhuKiOyBIVtwQ-VWU1EyAixgZJdVobzH_earkOeBlibu1j/s1600/Bryan+Pearce.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha8qObaqQoK2z61WKKhWbNgm9Fxc-_DLNOBBt3ELvf0woKw0sVUwmykbBY20rl7fWZ5pZ7DplcCjWGESojWkmQ7i1fL_BaaxDhuKiOyBIVtwQ-VWU1EyAixgZJdVobzH_earkOeBlibu1j/s320/Bryan+Pearce.jpg" height="220" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>Obituaries in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Times</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Guardian</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Independent</i> would suggest a life of distinction for any person, but are a
unique achievement for a man with intellectual disabilities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But Bryan Pearce earned his fame more for
what he did than for who he was.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of the
leading naïve artists of the twentieth century, his oil paintings now hang in
the Tate Gallery and at Kettle’s Yard, and he has been the subject of no less
than three biographies.</b><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; line-height: 36px;">So here’s a question to chew over.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Does an artist have to be clever?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For that matter, what do we mean by clever?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Several times, I’ve arranged for artists to
give talks, and then been disappointed when they have turned out to be
incoherent, even tongue-tied.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But it was
of course me who was being stupid: the whole point is that many artists are
folks who communicate through their work, not with words.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not all of course – I’ve encountered other
visual artists who have spoken beautifully about what they are trying to
do.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">But what if the artist has an intellectual impairment, and cannot fully
reflect on what they are doing?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Does
that make the work less meaningful, less good?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>How much does the creator’s intention matter?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After all, the viewer always brings their own
response, their own interpretation to a work of art.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once the image is out there, it takes on a
life of its own, regardless of the artist’s intentions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sometimes, the artist themselves, and I mean
any artist, does not fully understand why their pieces work for others or what
they might mean.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But can you make great
art by accident?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Could a child make a
masterpiece?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">It was my psychiatrist friend Jane Bernal who first introduced me to the
work of the painter Bryan Pearce.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I was
trying to locate famous people with learning disabilities for my blog about
famous disabled people from history.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She
was working in Cornwall, and knew people who had known Pearce.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She used his work in her teaching, to show
what people with intellectual disabilities are capable of.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In an age obsessed by knowledge and
information and learning, it’s important to state that people with cognitive
limitations still have value and can do work of value.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">You’ve probably heard of autistic savant artists, like Stephen Wiltshire,
who have an extraordinary facility to represent what they see.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wiltshire is taken on a helicopter flight over
New York or Tokyo and then produces a five meter long drawing, exactly
reproducing what he has seen. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>People
queue up to buy his books or to watch television documentaries about him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He clearly has a great talent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But do we value this innate ability in the
same way as the draughtsmanship of an artist whose natural skills are somehow
mediated by their training?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I am not
sure.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">This is the problem of Outsider Art.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The term was invented in 1972, as
a translation of the French “Art Brut”, a word coined by Jean Dubuffet, who
wrote: “We understand by this term works produced by persons unscathed by
artistic culture, where mimicry plays little or no part…”.</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Take someone like the American artist Judith
Scott.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She couldn’t hear, couldn’t speak
and had Down syndrome. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She spent years
in an institution, until her twin sister rescued her.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet today, her textile pieces are held in
museums throughout the world and sell for tens of thousands of dollars.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She made her artworks at the Creative Growth
Art Center, which is a disability arts project in Oakland, California.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She had started in the painting class, where
she showed no particular talent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One
day, she saw people working with textiles, and immediately gravitated to that
medium.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her pieces consist of found
objects, which she carefully wrapped in coloured fibre. People are fascinated
by this profoundly disabled person who was at the same time a great artist,
whose work has bought pleasure to so many.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">People with intellectual disabilities very rarely achieve any
prominence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Judith Scott, who has been the
subject of many articles and books and films, is an exception.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another is the Cornish painter Bryan Pearce,
who received obituaries in national newspapers when he died in 2007, and has
been the subject of several biographies. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bryan Pearce was born in St Ives in
1929.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His father was a butcher and a
rugby player, and his mother was a keen amateur painter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nature and nurture are a theme that runs
through his life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pearce had the
condition Phenylketonuria or PKU, which mean that as a developing infant, he
was unable to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PKU arises from a random genetic
mutation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today, all children are tested
at birth for PKU, and if they have the mutation, are placed on a diet free of
phenylalanine, and so grow up unaffected.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In 1929, the condition was unknown, and as a result, Bryan experienced
intellectual impairment and other health problems, and so grew up with
cognitive deficits and attended a school for children with special needs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Environments matter, and if Bryan Pearce had been born somewhere else,
his life may have turned out very differently.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>St Ives has a long tradition of fine painting, and was the home of Alfred
Wallis, a former fisherman who became a self-taught artist, painting mainly
seascapes on cardboard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A turning point
was the arrival of Ben Nicholson, Barbara Hepworth and Naum Gabo as refugees
from London in 1939, when Bryan Pearce would have been 10.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These modernist artists celebrated what they
saw as the innocent primitivism of locals like Wallis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
was the context in which, as a teenager, Bryan was encouraged by his mother and
other artists to paint.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To begin with,
he painted rather tentative watercolours.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His obvious talent meant that he attended the St Ives School of Painting
during his twenties.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Importantly, this School
welcomed both novice and professional artists, and had a commitment to
inclusion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So unlike other Outsider
Artists, Pearce was not a self-taught or untrained amateur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">The turning point in Bryan Pearce’s career came in 1957 when he started
painting in oils.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He began to exhibit soon
after.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two years later he had his first
solo exhibition at the local Newlyn Gallery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although he painted slowly,
producing perhaps one picture a month, he had a long and very successful
career, exhibiting throughout England.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Late in life, he made etchings and his work was also sold in the form of
limited-edition screen prints.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His work
has been bought by both major public collections, such as the Tate Gallery and
Kettle’s Yard in Cambridge, and private collectors. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsssxFPvpDjQt62UH_rftKH3x36U2BwW1uygcvCqpu68vBe-zIIV-eYu5jSyal0Q7-V13e2WdYr3E5ZxK0-QGXMQy_gtWTGUSInPnlo060w6F5K5u7BU0V2o51XcjtvdklwsCfuCXtYscg/s1600/BP+still.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsssxFPvpDjQt62UH_rftKH3x36U2BwW1uygcvCqpu68vBe-zIIV-eYu5jSyal0Q7-V13e2WdYr3E5ZxK0-QGXMQy_gtWTGUSInPnlo060w6F5K5u7BU0V2o51XcjtvdklwsCfuCXtYscg/s1600/BP+still.jpg" height="320" width="255" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Pearce has a very distinctive style.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although the work has a naivete,
you would probably not guess, if you didn’t already know, that he was disabled.
His work is not manic or fascinatingly odd, like some Outsider Artists, who
obsessively draw pictures of cats or little girls. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s not meticulous and photographic, like
Stephen Wiltshire. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s in the
tradition of folk art like that of Alfred Wallis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If
Lowry had left the rainy North West and come down to sunny Cornwall, maybe he’d
have painted like Pearce.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Words like
“serene” and “visionary” are often used of his work. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Let me try and describe two of these paintings, they’re both on board,
the same size, about 60cm by 50cm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Belladonna Lilies no 4 is a simple picture of half a dozen lilies in a
jug.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are sat on a tiled surface,
with the frame of a window behind.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
flowers are pink and white with dark stalks, and they loll in different
directions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The tones of the picture are
muted, with slate blue tiles, the paler blue of the window, and the reddish
lines which mark out the curves of the jug and the rectangular window
frame.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The picture reminds me of David
Hockney in its simplicity, but it could also by an early Italian Renaissance
painter like Giotto.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Others have
compared Pearce’s work to that of Fra Angelico.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Part of this is because the depictions do not follow the established
artistic rules of perspective.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s also
because there’s a literalness about Pearce, whether he’s painting mugs and
bowls and tablecloths, or angels above the local churchyard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Finally, I think this simplicity gives the
work a similar spiritual intensity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Pearce’s 1973 picture, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">My Mother</i>,
also has a muted colour range.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mary
Pearce is looking to the left in profile, like the Queen on a playing
card.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But she also seems to be keeping
one eye on the painter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The background
is plain grey, but there are two orange lines cutting across like tracks about
a third the way down the canvas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bryan
has captured the texture of his mother’s hair, and then has carefully followed
the checks of her blouse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>very balanced painting, which has both
stillness and weight.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bryan Pearce
mainly avoided putting people in his pictures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But he did paint his mother and her friends, and sometimes their lawn
bowls team.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">So far, I’ve described a still life and a portrait, but Bryan Pearce is
best known for painting his own home town of St Ives and surrounding
countryside.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Every morning and
afternoon, he would take long walks around the local district , and come back
to paint.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had a powerful visual memory, but his works
are also carefully composed. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Take, for
example, a painting of Westcott’s Quay from 1980 which shows several buildings,
and in a gap between them, you can see the harbor and on the horizon a spit of
land, ending in a lighthouse on an island. A fishing boat is moored in the
harbor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The stones of the walls and the
tiles of the roofs are rendered carefully.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There are no people in sight, but it’s almost as if the windows of the
buildings are eyes, as if the town itself has personality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s a calm painting, with this
characteristic stillness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Something
about the way he uses line is very satisfying to me. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">You always know you are in Cornwall, with Bryan Pearce.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They’re always sunny scenes, bathed in light,
full of vivid colour, reminiscent of a post-impressionist like Cezanne, or
perhaps of modernist stained glass.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Often the perspective is unusual, sometimes
the scene is taken with a bird’s eye view, as if Picasso had done it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But Pearce himself did not study other
artists, and his style was his own, not the result of external influences.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He never felt bound by convention. Nor was
he bothered by art-world politics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In his
obituary, critic Mel Gooding wrote of him as:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">“a visionary
artist of a quite particular kind, whose distinction had to do with the
solitary nature of his artistic experience and the use he made of a profound
creative solitude in the midst of a world experienced with preternatural
vividness. That enforced and productive apartness is not to be confused with
social solitude or loneliness; it was, rather, the necessary condition of his
imaginative freedom and his peculiar talent.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Whereas other St Ives artists sometimes struggled to achieve
authenticity, he wasn’t trying for this effect.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He had no other way to communicate than this.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; line-height: 36px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjFVNCMKJtoCV7godGbFCHIN0F5T6ReWoSINs5eFoRe68F6kmTz6WzfLR0AWM7Ny-v4Ax8RYzjxkZMFQVJ-0fPYRbDy8QrqL-v8oywjVuDMIYg_yrIWDJSF6oO1XZ6IoJNb0rVx_VTbOBI/s1600/BP+St+Ives.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjFVNCMKJtoCV7godGbFCHIN0F5T6ReWoSINs5eFoRe68F6kmTz6WzfLR0AWM7Ny-v4Ax8RYzjxkZMFQVJ-0fPYRbDy8QrqL-v8oywjVuDMIYg_yrIWDJSF6oO1XZ6IoJNb0rVx_VTbOBI/s1600/BP+St+Ives.jpg" height="274" width="320" /></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; line-height: 36px;"><br /></span>
Descriptions like innocence and lack of self-consciousness are often
made in connection with learning disabled people.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We tend to think of such folk as childlike
and unreflexive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We may admire their
apparent purity and sincerity, because it contrasts with our world of ambition
and manipulation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; line-height: 36px;">Writers about outsider art have also suggested that many such artists do
not feel a connection with what they have made.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It is the process of making which is important, not the product.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The critic Terry Castle points out that many
outsider artists do not have a sense of an audience.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They do not fear judgement or crave
approval.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She writes</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; line-height: 36px;">“the archetypal outsider work is not a statement addressed
to a viewer. It is not ‘rhetorical’, nor meant as communication. It is not
produced to impress or charm or teach or convince.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; line-height: 36px;">I am not so sure that this is entirely true of a learning disabled
artist like Bryan Pearce.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like other
artists, he was able to learn and become better.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He exhibited and received feedback. He valued
praise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He made creative choices – for
example, he continued painting the fishing boats he knew from childhood, even
after they had disappeared from the waters around St Ives. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Above all, Bryan Pearce clearly painted to
communicate to others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His painting made
him happy, and has made many other people happy as a result.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The idea of such an artist as innocent or
naïve seems a cliché that is not born out by the life story or the practice,
but rather reflects our own attitudes to cognitive disability.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; line-height: 36px;">Yet there is one sense in which Pearce was insulated from the world and
did not have to consider an audience or an art market in the same way as other
artists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bryan Pearce was provided with
the security and support that he needed to become a major painter by his mother
Mary, who abandoned her own painting to support her son.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was also supported by the unique creative
community of St Ives. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He remained in
the family home for the rest of his life, supported by full time assistants
after his mother’s death in 1997.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Benefitting from shelter, and the support of a local artistic community,
he was able to devote himself to his art for fifty years, dying aged 77 on 22
January 2007.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The following month, a
major solo exhibition of his work was held at Tate St Ives.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; line-height: 36px;">I think that when we see the work of Bryan Pearce, which is as visionary
and unique as that of any other major British artist, we are forced to rethink
our assumptions about intellectual disability.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bryan Pearce was limited in his ability to learn and communicate
verbally.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But alongside his deficits was
a huge talent to see and communicate through art.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As he said to his mother</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">"What would I do if I
didn't paint? What would I do?”</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<!--EndFragment--></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Further reading<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Ruth Jones, <i>The
Path of the Son</i> (1976)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Marion Whybrow, <i>Bryan
Pearce: a private view</i> (1985) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Janet Axten, <i>The
Artist and His Work</i> (2004)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-39946677466594202492013-04-05T20:37:00.000+02:002013-04-05T20:43:58.253+02:00Mabel Cooper (1944-2013)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8m9h4uGtnwhx8atq93B7Rf8GPkOAjImuocHtgvNO7v3FwvKUhdMp4F6kBrUQolHcr7B0yfOfLxo_Nxi24HewYone4Y38bJHTeSFcdRKNBE3e7vZfrGMlv8a_SKKywPjDXXp_-N-3NH_8I/s1600/Mabel-Cooper-008.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8m9h4uGtnwhx8atq93B7Rf8GPkOAjImuocHtgvNO7v3FwvKUhdMp4F6kBrUQolHcr7B0yfOfLxo_Nxi24HewYone4Y38bJHTeSFcdRKNBE3e7vZfrGMlv8a_SKKywPjDXXp_-N-3NH_8I/s320/Mabel-Cooper-008.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><b>For some time, I have been seeking out a
person with intellectual disability to include in this website.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite books such as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Downs: a history</i>, and other historical research about intellectual
disability, very few named individuals with intellectual disability have left a
record.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the late twentieth century, with
the growth of deinstitutionalization and consensus about normalization and
human rights, this situation has begun to change.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Increased recognition of people with
intellectual disability is important because it shows that all people have
value and significance and are worthy of respect.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mabel Cooper was one of the leading lights of
this new generation of people with learning difficulties.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was born in London, where her mother lived on
the street.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The pair were picked up by
the authorities, and sent to separate institutions, and her mother subsequently
disappeared.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mabel spent her childhood
in various children’s homes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She did not
attend school, and consequently did not learn to read and write.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later she was labeled as having learning
disability and sent to St Lawrence’s Hospital, a long-stay institution in
Caterham, Surrey, which she lived for the next 20 years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><i>“I moved to St Lawrence’s when I was seven,
because they only took children what went to school in this home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And I never went to school so I had to
move.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In them days they gave you a
test.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You went to London or somewhere
because they’d give you a test before they made you go anywhere.”</i></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><i>“When I first went in there, even just
getting out of the car you could hear the racket.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You think you’re going to a madhouse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When you first went there you could hear
people screaming and shouting outside.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It was very noisy but I think you do get used to them after a little while
because it’s like verywhere that’s big.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If there’s a lot of noise, and they had like big dormitories, didn’t
they?”</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">A similar institution played a much smaller role
in my own life, because my father was the GP for Manor House Hospital in
Aylesbury, a smaller, residential hospital for people
with intellectual disability.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Every
Christmas Day from as early as I can remember, my dad and I would visit the wards – or
“houses’, as they were called – and meet the residents and staff.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later,
I worked at Manor House during my year off before University, and in my
vacations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I remember a friendly,
cheerful place, which was clean and warm and seemed benign.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As you toured the hospital, you encountered
a cross-section of the intellectual disability population, ranging from people who were
profoundly impaired, lacked speech and barely interacted with you, through to
Bierton House, which was where people who had mild intellectual disability
lived.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Many of t</span>hese folks were great
communicators and very engaging, and they always interacted with my father
and myself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of them, David Seward,
became a family friend and would come for tea at my home from time to time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was this group in particular who one felt
should never have been in an institution in the first place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mabel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Cooper, who I never had the opportunity to meet, seems to have been such a person.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mabel left<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>St Lawrence’s Hospital in 1977 to live in the
community.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Later, the hospital was completely
closed down, and she was given the honour of pressing the button to blow it
up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was adamant that large institutions
should never be allowed in future.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Cooper had become an intellectual disability
celebrity through her work with Croydon People First, a self-advocacy group.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She eventually became chair of London People
First.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In both roles, she supported other
people with learning difficulties to be heard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She collaborated with Dorothy Atkinson and other researchers at the Open
University, who helped people with learning difficulties to research and tell
their stories as part of the Life History Project.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mabel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Cooper’s own life story was published in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.open.ac.uk/hsc/ldsite/mabel/">Forgotten Lives</a></i> (1997), and inspired many readers with and without
learning difficulties.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mabel went into
schools to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>talk to children and young
people about the discrimination and bullying which people with learning
difficulties face.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With Dorothy
Atkinson, she also presented at conferences.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She seems to have been a very charismatic person, who used humour to get
her points across and changed perceptions about intellectual disability.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">As recognition for her work, Mabel Cooper was
awarded an honorary degree by the Open University, during a ceremony at the
Barbican in London in 2010.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As Dorothy Atkinson has written in a tribute for <i>The Guardian</i>, Mabel <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><i>“had a tremendous ability to draw on
personal experience to tell stories that, written or spoken, engaged and
inspired her readers and listeners in many walks of life.”</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">The inclusion of her obituary in the Radio 4
Last Word programme, after she died of cancer in April 2013, is another example
of how this ordinary woman with intellectual disability achieved unprecedented
recognition and made an extraordinary impact.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Links<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="http://www.iriss.org.uk/resources/forgotten-citizens-conference-interview-mabel-cooper">Interview with Mabel Cooper</a><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2013/apr/04/mabel-cooper-obituary"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>The Guardian</i> obituary</span></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-67405259807075742722013-02-27T10:51:00.000+01:002013-02-27T11:01:22.924+01:00Rosa Luxemburg (1871-1918)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYEgW8eG9Brn184dgoTvU8p2ybq6lApPlQNhb-c0m64yx8sS2SthF0ufVUSZRPXJtcgmHHehb3WjJLhTPjNTzaxGQTTH5D6ghv_gLw7Q69-G7rDAxJk58n83PPd2-m9jSNYC6OmKcJG1_3/s1600/Rosa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><i><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYEgW8eG9Brn184dgoTvU8p2ybq6lApPlQNhb-c0m64yx8sS2SthF0ufVUSZRPXJtcgmHHehb3WjJLhTPjNTzaxGQTTH5D6ghv_gLw7Q69-G7rDAxJk58n83PPd2-m9jSNYC6OmKcJG1_3/s1600/Rosa.jpg" /></i></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><i>When I was a politics student, it was the democratic socialists, not the authoritarians like Lenin who appealed to me, and in particular Rosa Luxemburg and Antonio Gramsci: both committed to freedom; both great writers; and both disabled people who paid a heavy price for their courageous work in pursuit of a socialist utopia.</i></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Rozalia Luksenburg was born on March 5,
1871 in Zamosc, Poland: her father was a timber merchant; her mother was the
daughter of a rabbi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The family moved to
Warsaw when she was two.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By the time she
was five, she could read and write.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However, a medical error left her disabled: doctors had thought she had
TB, when in fact she had a dislocated hip. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Confined to a cast, she was kept in bed for a
year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She ended up with one leg shorter
than the other, and had a pronounced limp for the rest of her life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From then on, she dreaded the pity of
strangers, and made great efforts to minimize the limp and not draw attention
to herself.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The smallest in her class, and disabled,
she devoted herself to studying at the Russian High School.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She excelled at school, and her political
conscience was growing also: she wrote to a friend <i>“My ideal is a social system
that allows one to love everybody with a clear conscience.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Striving after it, defending it, I may
perhaps even learn to hate.”</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After
graduating in 1887, she joined the Polish Marxist party, Proletariat, which had
gone underground after organizing strikes the previous year that were brutally
crushed by the Russian authorities.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US">In February 1989, she travelled to Zurich
for the university education which was denied to women in Poland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Registering as “Rosa Luxemburg”, she started
out living with the family of a German socialist exile, Karl L</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">ü</span><span lang="EN-US">beck.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He needed assistance
due to his visual impairment, which increased her familiarity with German Socialist Party (SPD) writers such as Kautsky, Liebknecht, Babel and Bernstein.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She also met Leo Jogiches, a Lithuanian
Jewish socialist activist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To her, the
attraction of this romantic revolutionary figure was obvious, but she could not
understand what he saw in her.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After
all, one of his friends described her as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“She was of low build, with a
disproportionately large head; a typical Jewish face with a thick nose… a
heavy, occasionally uneven walk, with a limp; her first appearance did not make
an agreeable impression but you had only to spend a bit of time with her to see
how much life and energy was in the woman, how clever and sharp she was, and at
what a high level of intellectual stimulation and development she lived.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Together, they founded a newspaper and then
the Socialist Party of the Kingdom of Poland in 1894.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rosa moved to Paris<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that year to research for her doctoral
thesis, sending letters back to Jogiches asking for more funds and berating him
for his emotional shortcoming.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1898,
after the award of her doctorate and the death of her mother back in Poland, Luxemburg
moved to Germany, which she and Jogiches thought the country most likely to
have a socialist revolution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She earned
a meagre living through journalism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After some
persuasion, Jogiches joined her.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In her journalism, in her work with the
SPD, and in her activities in the Russian Social Democratic Party, Luxemburg
was uncompromising and often got into ideological disputes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, she took a different line to
Lenin’s advocacy of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>democratic
centralism in <i>What is to be done?</i>, which she said was <i>“imbued with the
sterile spirit of the night watchman state”</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> However, in practise she she also could be very controlling, as when she </span>expelled Polish party members who
disagreed with her.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In 1904, she was
imprisoned for three months for comments critical of the German Kaiser.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She wrote to Karl Kautsky: “the interests of
the masses is on the move: I feel it even here penetrating through the prison
walls.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The attempt at revolution in
Russia in 1905 filled her with excitement – “the revolution is splendid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All else is bilge” and swelled the membership
of the Polish socialist party.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although
she only arrived in Poland as the revolution was subsiding, but was
imprisoned.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She escaped through a
combination of illness – anemia, and liver and stomach problems – and
bribery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She spent the next summer
recuperating in spas in Russia and Finland, and returned in late 1906 with the
manuscript of her book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Mass Strike</i>,
which sought to derive lessons for Germany from Russia’s first attempt at
revolution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the 1907 congress of the
Russian party, Trotsky described her as:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“a little woman, frail and even sickly
looking, but with a noble face and beautiful eyes that radiated intelligence;
she captivated one by the sheer courage of her mind and character.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Luxemburg opposed the First World War,
criticizing Lenin’s nationalist tendencies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She broke with Karl Kautsky and the SPD when it
eschewed revolution and promoted the parliamentary road to socialism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> She had a troubled relationship with the USPD, a smaller left-wing party. </span>She puzzled over the continuing survival of
capitalism, despite Marx’s predictions of its imminent collapse, before
deciding that imperialism was enabling the system to prolong itself by
exploiting colonial dominions, together with the role of the arms race in
propping up industrialism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In 1915, she was sent to prison again, for
incitement to disobedience the year before.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In 1916, the Spartakus League was formed, with Luxemburg writing the
guiding principles from her prison cell: the League denounced both the Kaiser
and the SPD for its treachery to international socialism in supporting the
war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Soon after, in February 1916, she
was released from prison, sick and in pain, but a few months later she was
taken into “protective custody” again, detained indefinitely.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She had to leave her cat Mimi behind this
time, and was devastated when the cat, substitute for the child she never had,
died the following year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Immured in a
prison fortress, Rosa read, wrote, and tended her flowers: <i>“I feel at home
anywhere in the world where there are clouds and birds and human tears”</i>, she
wrote to a friend in February 1917.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She suffered greatly from stomach pains and migraine, but her morale
soared with the advent of the Russian revolution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In January 1918, revolutionary shop
stewards in Berlin led a general strike for peace, freedom and bread.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meanwhile, Luxemburg had written a critical
appraisal of the anti-democratic character of the Russian revolution – <i>“freedom
is always and exclusively freedom for the one who thinks differently” </i>- which
was not published until 1922.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her heart
was for the Bolsheviks, even though her head thought differently – <i>“enthusiasm
coupled with the spirit of revolutionary criticism – what more can people want
from us?”</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">From September 1918, with the end of the First World War inevitable, events
developed fast in Germany, as the Kaiser attempted to move to a constitutional
monarchy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Political prisoners were
released in October – but not Luxemburg, who had never been found guilty of a
crime.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On November 3, the German fleet
mutinied in Kiel, and soon councils of workers, soldiers and sailors were
controlling cities like Kiel, Hamburg, Hanover and Munich.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A Bavarian Socialist Republic was
declared.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Yet t</span>he remnants of the old regime
and the SPD government in Berlin plotted to keep hold of power and prevent all-out
revolution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On 8 November, Rosa Luxemburg
was released from prison, a white-haired, sick and exhausted woman.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On 9 November, the Kaiser abdicated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berlin was full of workers brandishing red
flags.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Leibknecht declared the Socialist
Republic of Germany from the balcony of the royal palace and the Revolutionary
Shop Stewards occupied the Reichstag.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">However, the revolutionary congress that
was held the next day was dominated by the SPD and the USPD.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The SPD prime minister, Ebert, conspired with the Army to defend the
new<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>democratic republic and prevent
revolution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Spartacists, led by Luxemburg
and Leibkneht, were calling for workers control.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Civil war seemed to be looming, which was the
last thing which the war-weary populace wanted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The SPD covertly mobilised the Freikorps, comprised of demobilized ex-army
paramilitaries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A National Congress met
on 16-20 December, but because it was only open to workers, Leibknecht and
Luxemburg were excluded – again they were being out-maneuvered by the SPD and
the USPD – and the voting at the Congress went against them.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">On 30 December 1918, the Spartacist League and
other workers representatives formed the Communist Party of Germany.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A big demonstration on 5 January 1919 called
for Ebert’s SPD government to be deposed, and the SPD newspaper’s offices were
occupied: Luxemburg realised that this was bad timing, but was forced to support her revolutionary movement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On 8 January, the Freikorps
went into action, machine-gunning the offices of the Communist newspaper, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Red Flag</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Street fighting between left and right
followed, with over 1000 killed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Luxemburg
wrote her final article: </span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>“The revolution will ‘raise itself again clashing’,
and to your horror it will proclaim to the sound of trumpets: I was, I am, I
shall be.”</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">On the evening of 15 January 1919,
Luxemburg and Leibknecht were arrested.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She was ordered to be taken to prison by a Freikorps unit: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>going out to the car, she was hit with a rifle
butt, and then as they drove away, she was shot as she lay in the back of the
car.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the car reached the River
Spree, her body was thrown in.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Minutes
later, Leibknecht was also driven away and shot.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The next day, Jogiches sent a telegram to
Lenin: “Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Leibknecht have carried out their ultimate
revolutionary duty.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He himself was
arrested on 10 March, tortured, and “shot while trying to escape”. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A few months later, Luxemburg’s body was
found in the river.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On 13 June, she
was buried in the Friedrichsfelde cemetery, at a ceremony attended by workers,
soldiers and sailors carrying banners and red flags.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The leader of the Communist Party and Clara
Zetkin spoke at the funeral, and the mourners sang the Internationale.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Rosa Luxemburg’s personal life was
complex.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She lamented the impact of her
political career on her family: “Politics is an inane Baal worship, driving
people – victims of their own obsession, of mental rabies – to sacrifice their
entire existence.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her relationship with
Jogiches was troubled, and she more than once started relationships with other
men.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1907, the 36-year-old Luxemburg
replaced him as her lover with the 21-year-old son of Clara Zetkin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1914 she took up with Paul Levi, her
defence lawyer, another younger man.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her
attitude to her servants has been described as “feudal”: she was a fastidious
employer, with a love of the working class that was mainly theoretical.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She could be vindictive in pursuing a
political quarrel, for example against Karl Radek, a member of the Polish
party.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet she also had a great yearning
for peace and calm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the months before
her death, an exhausted Luxemburg said to her friend Mathilde Jacob: </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>“Can you
tell me why I live constantly like this, without any inclination to do so?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I would like to paint and live on a little
plot of land where I can feed and love the animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I would like to study natural science but
above all else to live peacefully and on my own, not in this eternal
whirlwind.”</i></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-14221310142972272762013-02-14T17:26:00.001+01:002013-02-14T17:39:24.512+01:00Sylvia Plath 1932-1963<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"><i>A very welcome guest post to mark the 50th anniversary of the death of Sylvia Plath, contributed by my dear and esteemed friend Jackie Leach Scully, another graduate of Newnham College.</i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px;">There are a lot of women of a certain age
– around 50 – who have, let’s say, an ambivalent relationship with the story of
Sylvia Plath. Some of us were attracted
to her by the romantic suicide magnet, at least before we stopped being
adolescent and daft and realised that suicide is all sorts of things but one
thing it isn’t is romantic. In my
defence, I can claim that what first turned me on to Plath was not anything to
do with her reputation as a professional depressive but just these lines,
reproduced in some piece of teenage fiction that I read:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I should sit on a rock off Cornwall and
comb my hair.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I should wear tiger pants, I should have
an affair. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">We should meet in another life, we should
meet in air, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Me and you.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(That this came from a longer poem
entitled ‘Lesbos’ was a bonus for a sexual identity-wobbly 14 year old, but
that’s not relevant just at the moment.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">And like others, I then went through the
“identification with mad girl” phase (poet=heightened sensitivity=I Don’t Know
Where I Belong But Wherever It Is It Isn’t Here=me!); to the impatient,
oh-get-a-life phase (as the philosopher Jacqueline Rose said, on finishing her
book on Plath: “I’m sick of mad girls”); and then finally on to a reluctant
empathy that’s to do with the understanding, which comes to some of us over
time, of what it’s like to feel betrayed and abandoned and voiceless. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px;">Plath was unusual in having the capacity
to write about those experiences in a way that speaks to a broader sense of the
human condition, over and above confessional self-indulgence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Along with the sympathy I’ve struggled
with the difficult fact that her act of self-destruction so bluntly involved
her children, a few doors away and protected from the oven gas by towels; and
yet some of us are also familiar with the level of stricken despair that takes
you to a place from which your perspective on your own self, and on your
children and what might really be best for them, becomes, for want of a better
term, Martian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I’ve no idea what Plath might or might
not have gone on to do had she been found in time (as some evidence suggests
she thought she would be) on the morning of 11 February 1963. What I hope
endures of her is not the maudlin suicide artist stuff, nor the simplistic myth
of the mentally unstable and therefore doomed woman, but respect for the
clarity of vision and discipline that enabled her to transform painful and
difficult experiences into words like these:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nick and the Candlestick<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I am a miner. The light burns blue. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Waxy stalactites <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Drip and thicken, tears<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The earthen womb <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Exudes from its dead boredom. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Black bat airs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wrap me, raggy shawls, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cold homicides. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">They weld to me like plums.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Old cave of calcium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Icicles, old echoer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Even the newts are white,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Those holy Joes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">And the fish, the fish - <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Christ! they are panes of ice,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A vice of knives, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A piranha <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Religion, drinking<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Its first communion out of my live toes.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The candle <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gulps and recovers its small altitude,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Its yellows hearten. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O love, how did you get here? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O embryo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Remembering, even in sleep, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Your crossed position. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The blood blooms clean<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In you, ruby. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> The pain <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">You wake to is not yours.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Love, love, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I have hung our cave with roses, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">With soft rugs –<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The last of Victoriana. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Let the stars <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plummet to their dark address,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Let the mercuric <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Atoms that cripple drip <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Into the terrible well,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">You are the one <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Solid the spaces lean
on, envious. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">You are the baby in
the barn.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">
<!--EndFragment--></div>
</div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-155166869217165242013-01-06T21:02:00.001+01:002013-01-06T21:29:23.201+01:00Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi (1941-2011)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: large; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPIkmaJ16cmdFvZCftCYsXFmlFVjykodKmDc3CMI7_SMHlIHuVfiI8X78MYiw7TDA7Hp0CT6g1aejr_K9ULHJP1CTiCCyGRNzWZxtSNSWycmxIpJeZgwuMD5bcBgaLKs1630fWsTFEpNpG/s320/Tiger.jpg" width="257" /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">“Aloof yet witty, plain but direct, regal yet casual. MAK
Pataudi was so many contradictory things that eventually you stopped trying to
classify him.”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">(</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">Mudar Patherya)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">The first Indian
to captain the Oxford University cricket team; </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">a member of the first Indian team to win a
series against England; captain of India at the age of 21; leader of the first
Indian team to win a Test series abroad.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">“Tiger” Pataudi was quite literally a Prince of the game, always
immaculately dressed off the field as befitted the ninth Nawab of Pataudi, son
of the Begum of Bhopal.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">He inherited the
title on his eleventh birthday, when his father - a Test cricketer who played
for England as well as India - </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">died
playing polo in Delhi.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">When royal
entitlements were abolished by constitutional amendment in 1971, a certain MAK Pataudi stood for
political office in protest.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Known for his
batting, he scored 2, 793 Test runs, including six centuries. This was all the more
remarkable because he had lost an eye in a car accident in Hove in July 1961
and thus had no binocular vision to focus on a fast cricket ball hurtling
towards him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tiger Pataudi liked to say that he always saw two balls, and hit the inside one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He usually pulled his cap down
over his right eye to avoid the distraction of a blurred double image.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He made his Indian Test debut less than six
months after his injury: in the third Test of that series, he scored 103.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He also played for the Sussex country side,
which he captained in 1966.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Had it not
been for his impairment, he might have been one of the game’s truly exceptional
players, instead of simply a very good one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Oddly, the Indian team which he was instrumental in building and leading
to world status contained at least one other disabled person – Bhagwat
Chandrasekhar, the famous leg spinner, who had a withered right wrist as a
result of polio contracted in childhood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Pataudi was the
Muslim captain of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hindu India, who
welded all the regional cricketing stars into one cohesive and venerated national unit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With his film star wife and his aristocratic
poise, he brought glamour to the game, and it was in his day that the
idolization of India’s cricket team really took off.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In later life, he was on the council of the
Indian Premier League, but as Mukul Kesavan wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">“He remained
untouched by the squabbles and sleaze that attended cricket’s transformation
into big business in India.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a
consequence, death finds him happily embalmed in fond radio memories: still
tigerish in the covers, still a prince among men.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Perhaps typically
for a man who grew up in a 150 room palace with over 100 servants, his only
recorded brush with the law was when he was arrested for shooting a protected
species of deer in 2005</span><span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-11036250749925956142012-10-28T13:13:00.000+01:002012-10-28T13:42:31.772+01:00Jacqueline du Pré (1945 – 1987)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGwL0qaX4LZ_zVawQWO7Ijybk-hwumrbVCGGUQu3VB_1WL1hrGt4OUPlhNlYSsHc5e4aViWM7mmIPBvrCmtZklQDDyyWbxCvXvb9TUdeX4tMQy2-IJK2GpWWjZ-iF1zmTxEfxn9HmcGfAa/s1600/Jacqueline+du+Pre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGwL0qaX4LZ_zVawQWO7Ijybk-hwumrbVCGGUQu3VB_1WL1hrGt4OUPlhNlYSsHc5e4aViWM7mmIPBvrCmtZklQDDyyWbxCvXvb9TUdeX4tMQy2-IJK2GpWWjZ-iF1zmTxEfxn9HmcGfAa/s320/Jacqueline+du+Pre.jpg" width="240" /></b></a></div>
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">It is exactly 25
years since the death of the greatest ever English cellist, a player who will
be forever associated with the Elgar Cello Concerto, and whose passion and
directness struck all who heard or saw her.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></b><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Jacqueline <span style="color: #262626;">du Pr</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande";">é</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">grew up in Oxford.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Her father was an accountant, from a Channel Islands family, and her
mother was a piano teacher.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the age
of four, Jackie heard a cello on the radio, and decided that she wanted to play
one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her mother supported her early
learning on the instrument.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jackie said
later: <span style="color: #262626;">'My mother was a tremendous inspiration. She
guided my first steps, wrote tunes for me to play, and drew pictorial
descriptions of the melodies. These were quite beautiful and I used to find
them tucked under my pillow in the morning so that I couldn't wait to get my
hands on the cello again every day. My mother also taught me composition.”</span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">As
a child, she went to the London Cello School, and then Guildhall School of
Music, where she won the gold medal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She
gave her first concert at the Wigmore Hall aged 16, playing a donated
Stradivarius.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She studied with famous
cellists such as Paul Tortelier and Rostropovich, who saw her as the heir of
his talent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jacqueline du Pr</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande";">é</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">
became famous for her performances of the Elgar Cello Concerto at the Proms
(1963-1969), and for the recording she made of the piece with Sir John
Barbirolli and the London Symphony Orchestra (1965).</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">At
Christmas 1966 she met the pianist and conductor Daniel Barenboim.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The following year she converted to Judaism
and they married in Jerusalem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She
played much chamber music with Barenboim, such as the Schubert Piano Quintet
“The Trout”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, Jacqueline du Pr</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande";">é</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"> had little affection for more modern classical music.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Her recordings are justly famous, but not as extensive as her fans would
have wished.</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">From 1971, Jackie’s playing began to decline, as she lost feeling in her
fingers and strength in her arms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her
last concerts came in February 1973, and in October 1973, she was diagnosed
with multiple sclerosis, which she liked to call "multiple fuckosis".<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She continued
to teach: I have met one of her students, who talks of how they sometimes had
to carry her wheelchair to overcome access barriers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jacqueline du Pr</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande";">é</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"> died on 19 October 1987, aged only 42.</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">The achievement
of Jacqueline du Pre cannot but be overshadowed by the success of the film </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hilary and Jackie</i></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">, based on a memoir by her
brother and sister, and telling the story of the months in 1971 when Jackie had
an affair with Christopher Finzi, her sister’s husband.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">The film paints Jackie as a manipulative
person.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">Hilary, a musician herself,
wrote: </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #262626;">"Nobody could be with Jackie for long
without being reduced by her... People couldn't live with her week in, week
out, because she unwittingly destroyed them."</span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;">I</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">n one sense, the film is a counter balance
to the adulation of this remarkable musical talent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The image of the tragic genius is a classic
disability trope, and to hear about her bad behaviour makes Jackie seem more
real.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Although, as Helen Meekosha points out, critics resorted to shallow disability stereotypes - the tortured genius - in their reviews of the film. Meekosha, who herself has MS, talks about the tragedy of dealing with a degenerating body, and the anger and frustration which is generated by impairment, not just by social barriers. When identity and worldly success depends on exactly the fine motor control and sensitivity which MS destroys, the frustration must be even worse.</span></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifmsq0CasSRXHh_j0AMb6NMISYPrE2K1Vp-4faYTBOQyakq4YtcYeM5m-xhhmRIdu03__9FAkzAgJ3GWwKxlU_JJX-vKboOjs3JX-FhZgmmdNd0FTJUuIkgyBsBLZWwVOoyNxpT0MZiYHy/s1600/Jacqueline+wheel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifmsq0CasSRXHh_j0AMb6NMISYPrE2K1Vp-4faYTBOQyakq4YtcYeM5m-xhhmRIdu03__9FAkzAgJ3GWwKxlU_JJX-vKboOjs3JX-FhZgmmdNd0FTJUuIkgyBsBLZWwVOoyNxpT0MZiYHy/s320/Jacqueline+wheel.jpg" width="255" /></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">Those who
knew <span style="color: #262626;">Jacqueline du Pr</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande";">é</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"> well protest
that the film portrays her wrongly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Finzi was a serial adulterer, who had several illegitimate children, and
a reputation as a “sexual therapist” for troubled people, in an era where “free
love” was fashionable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hilary consented
to her sister having the affair with him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;">More to the
point, Jackie was “a giver not a taker” according to her close friends and
colleagues.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Documentary films by
Christopher Nupen reveal her as full of “warmth, honesty and enthusiasm”, with
a charisma which has become legendary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Many suspect that jealousy underpins the negative representation of her
by her siblings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When<span style="color: #262626;"> Jacqueline du Pr</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande";">é</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"> died, she was surrounded by her friends,
not by her relatives.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
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<!--EndFragment--></span>Tom Shakespearehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15110155712388691325noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3173953810174051524.post-55822988565594615462012-10-05T10:01:00.000+02:002015-01-10T12:04:24.041+01:00Arthur Bispo do Rosário (1911-1989)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0gbgc8CYypDL7-18rm3uEit9fvrfm31Qe9y1oYuaItv1gJiS-PhvvJHNI18F2v2CTblYKgsOBvVs3Sov3E6Sci6qnHGq048dFf-O2MS4dUcN7W_lpy_1PhWOenPcVylIqzZ2VAtb2ZcZ6/s1600/bispo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0gbgc8CYypDL7-18rm3uEit9fvrfm31Qe9y1oYuaItv1gJiS-PhvvJHNI18F2v2CTblYKgsOBvVs3Sov3E6Sci6qnHGq048dFf-O2MS4dUcN7W_lpy_1PhWOenPcVylIqzZ2VAtb2ZcZ6/s320/bispo.jpg" height="320" width="288" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><b>When
I went to the Victoria and Albert Museum to see their show of the work of
Arthur Bispo do Rosario, the nice ladies on the information desk had no idea
what I was talking about.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It took some
searching to find the rooms dedicated to this visionary Brazilian artist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You won’t find him on Wikipedia either.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maybe his obscurity is because Bispo do
Rosario spent fifty years of his life on a Rio de Janeiro psychiatric ward, and
did not even think of himself as an artist.</b></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 24px;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 24px;">Even his origins are uncertain.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 24px;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 24px;">He was born, probably, in 1909, in Japaratuba
on the east coast of Brazil, the descendent of African slaves.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 24px;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 24px;">He grew up exposed to a strongly religious
culture and to the hybrid traditions of folk art, which is usually defined as
work produced by peasants or workers, with decorative rather than aesthetic
intentions. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 24px;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 24px;">Bispo do Rosario worked as a
cabin boy, as a signaler in the navy (he was thrown out for insubordination in
1933), and then as a boxer, before finally ending up in Rio as an odd job
man.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 24px;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In 1938, he had a vision of angels bathed in light.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He believed that he was Jesus Christ, and
that the Virgin Mary had given him a mission.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His task was to recreate the universe in visual form, in preparation for
presenting it to God on the Day of Judgement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He believed that he had been
brought by seven angels to the yard where he lived in Sao Clemente Street.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That same year, he was first arrested and
then hospitalized for treatment for paranoid schizophrenia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was to spend the rest of his life in the
hospital of Colonia Juliano Moreira in Rio de Janeiro.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In an attic of the hospital Bispo do Rosario began his
work creating an inventory of the universe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For the next fifty years he spent up to 20 hours a day working
obsessively, creating more than 800 sculptures, objects, garments and banners
that began to spread across the entire building.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
2012, eighty of the pieces were loaned to the Victoria and Albert Museum for
the exhibition where I first encountered this fascinating artist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
remember a wall of Miss Universe sceptres, his tributes to female beauty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I remember there were a lot of embroideries,
as well as numerous model boats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of
the pieces were recycled from scrap and everyday objects.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like Marcel Duchamp, he takes an everyday
object – a bicycle, a bed – and made it into something cosmic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like Duchamp, he mounts a bicycle wheel on a wooden
frame. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Recyling is also evident in the way that the imagery of
Bispo do Rosario’s artwork draws on memories and fragments from his past.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, images of boxing, ships and
other aspects of his life are recuperated and integrated into his work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Brazilian coastal scenes are meticulously
rendered, complete with little ships dangling silver anchor chains.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But religion is the central theme.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Back in Japaratuba, it was men’s work to stitch the
banners for the religious processions, so Bispo do Rosario was working within
his cultural tradition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He stitched
religious messages and all sorts of other texts on his fabric creations <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHCuxtjw47uK1eK0KCQPkJxu9_4Eu0kOTrutcm7EgRVfEjzxunSOy8takWw-oUUCwPOw6HYV7ZRUBHtrT1RkbSclpN8FcO3UP2BjdNqn_Yb5iMh7Mr-FlcG5nth878RrSHwQJCfisYH9z1/s320/bispo+banners.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHCuxtjw47uK1eK0KCQPkJxu9_4Eu0kOTrutcm7EgRVfEjzxunSOy8takWw-oUUCwPOw6HYV7ZRUBHtrT1RkbSclpN8FcO3UP2BjdNqn_Yb5iMh7Mr-FlcG5nth878RrSHwQJCfisYH9z1/s320/bispo+banners.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Language is key to the work, with embroidered texts including
poems, current affairs updates, romantic quests, adverts for bibles – with the
poignant words “even with the bible, in the psychiatric ward one is abandoned”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">A huge amount of effort went into these creations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ornamental embroidered texts have been
compared to illuminated manuscripts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For
a British audience, there is an inevitable comparison with the recent
production of Tracy Emin, only that the Brazilian artist is oriented not to
this world, but to the next.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Words also flow onto paper, card and wooden boards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
the V&A exhibition, it seemed that everything had writing on it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As if cataloguing his own life, Bispo do
Rosario created lists of names, columns of numbers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For
example, he made a list of everyone he ever met.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He also collected things – examples of hats,
of shoes, of tin mugs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I absolutely love his wall of objects –
ladders, shears, tools of all kinds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s
almost as if he was Noah, gathering items for an ark.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We talk now of mental illness in terms of
distress, but these productions do not seem like expressions of pathology.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Art has become a way of coming to terms with
the world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ironically, despite this monumental
act of curation, many aspect of his biography remain mysterious, including his exact
date of birth or the identity of his parents.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">This making was a spiritual, not an artistic task.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After all, he saw it as his duty to prepare
for the Last Judgement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When visitors came to see him at the hospital,
he would carefully dress himself in his ceremonial Annunciation Garment robes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When
people came to see him, he would test them with a riddle: “What is the colour
of my aura?”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He carefully controlled
who was allowed to see his creations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Photographs were permitted, but only under his
strict instructions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He enjoyed
authority and respect at the psychiatric hospital.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Patients, staff and visitors were all
recruited to further his work. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He said <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"The
mentally ill are like hummingbirds: they never land, they always hover two
meters from the ground."</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">I’ve also read <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">All
Dogs Are Blue</i>, an autobiographical novel by Rodrigo de Souza Le</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: .5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">ã</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">o, which describes the
terrors of being confined to a mental hospital in Rio de Janeiro.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But for Bispo do Rosario, the institution was
a shelter and refuge, rather than the place of fear and abuse that these places
have often been for others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Apparently, he was the only patient with his
own key to the asylum, perhaps because he was the only one who had no desire to
leave the place where he had found fulfillment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">His work has an extraordinary intricacy, complexity and
impact.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It reminds me of surrealism, of
the fabric creations of Louise Bourgeois, of the collages and constructions of
Kurt Schwitters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Above all, there is the
spirit of Dada in this complex and lunatic creation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This creative achievement is all the more
extraordinary in that Bispo do Rosario was entirely self-taught, worked in an
artistic vacuum, and generated all this extraordinary art through his own
originality and imagination.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He did not attend art therapy classes or have
contact with other artists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He did not
care about recognition and respect, just as long as he was left to do his
spiritual work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">In the 1980s, psychiatric reform in Brazil, as in many
countries, led to de-institutionalization of some people with mental
illness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1982, the Museo do Bispo
Rosario was created, to look after the work he was making at the hospital.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first exhibition of his artwork was held
in 1989, just months after Arthur Bispo do Rosario died of cancer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was followed by shows at the Venice
Biennale, in Paris, and now in London. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today,
more and more people in the art world venerate Artur Bispo do Rosario, for his
authenticity and originality, even though he never saw anything he did as
art.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His treasury of 802 works is now designated
as part of the national heritage of Brazil, and his museum runs art
workshops<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for people with mental illness
and members of the public.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In his
hometown of Japaratuba there is a statue of him, wearing his Annunciation
cloak.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">The term Outsider art is used for creators outside the
mainstream culture like Bispo do Rosario.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Outsider Art is hard to evaluate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>How do you judge a creative work produced by someone who never saw
himself as an artist?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How much does
intention matter?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Talking about her
fascination with it, critic Terry Castle describes outsider art as a </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #262626; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“gorgeous, disorienting, sometimes repellent
phenomenon”.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Schizophrenia,
depression and other mental illnesses have often been associated with original
creative thought, as well as with religiosity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Should it make any difference that these activities are generated by
extreme and unusual brain states?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Is
there any significant difference between the work of Bispo do Rosario and that
of the Netherlandish Renaissance master Hieronymus Bosch, who painted
extraordinary visions of heaven and hell?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Many artists and writers, after all, have experienced mental illness,
which gives them a different perspective on the world, and perhaps a burning
need to express themselves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">Indeed, Arthur Bispo do Rosario is only one of many
people with mental illness who have achieved fame for their original artistic
vision.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Adolf
Wolffli was one of the first to be recognized as an artist from within the
Swiss asylum where he was incarcerated in the early decades of the twentieth
century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the same time as Bispo do
Rosario, there was the Mexican artist Martin Ramirez, who insisted that the
work he made should be destroyed at the end of each day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Poland, Edmund Moniel was another person
with schizophrenia who thought he was on a mission from God, and for him,
making art had a therapeutic role, in alleviating his symptoms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
may be that it was the same for Arthur Bispo do Rosario, that his furious
activity was a way of silencing the voices and visions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After all, he said “I do it because they tell
me to, if they didn’t make me do it, I wouldn’t do any of it.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Even though
Outsider art has something of the weirdness of contemporary art, it also holds
out a great democratic hope, that the possibility of creation lies within every
one of us.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You don’t need special
materials or equipment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Critic Roger
Cardinal points out that “almost all Outsider Art has to do with the projection
of deep meaning into shapes and materials which everyday living discounts as being
of negligible value”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Your medium could
be scrap paper, cardboard boxes, nylon tights or even toothpaste.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRHMrgTJ5jdqY53pwfZTJl8kBDlqj54foIGX8nyan9Q3c_HdWWmymxsp9m3gxdCUj3P7IEWtwCzJyR_qX1FS5J3iwn2tM1S9w-NGjS1RKwRHHjpwEe3SXIUyTsJ7mfO0jMeYCavgiFonhI/s320/bispo+tools.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRHMrgTJ5jdqY53pwfZTJl8kBDlqj54foIGX8nyan9Q3c_HdWWmymxsp9m3gxdCUj3P7IEWtwCzJyR_qX1FS5J3iwn2tM1S9w-NGjS1RKwRHHjpwEe3SXIUyTsJ7mfO0jMeYCavgiFonhI/s320/bispo+tools.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a><span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Perhaps the key is
disinhibition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dr Hans Prinzhorn, who
created a pioneering collection of Outsider art in Germany, wrote that “a
primal creative urge belongs to all human beings, but has been submerged by the
development of civilization.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Art by
people with mental illness has sometimes been compared to that of children, but
I think there are real differences.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Someone like Arthur Bispo do Rosario bought all his life experiences to
bear.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His artwork was deeply considered
and intended, not random or idiosyncratic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Above all, his creation was not something external to him, it was the
world in which he lived.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">We’d like to think
we could achieve something like the Outsider art of Arthur Bispo do Rosario,
but I think we’d be mistaken. Most of us suppress our dreams and
fantasies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We are too self-conscious.
We worry about what others might think, or seek approbation from the art
world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With someone Arthur Bispo do
Rosario, you have unrestricted access to the recesses of the imagination, what curator
Victor Musgrave once called “an exultant pilgrimage into the unexpected.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Alongside the handful of people with
mental illness who have been recognized as great artists, there are thousands
more who are making art in their bedrooms, or in art therapy or occupational
therapy sessions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The vast majority of
this art is as banal and uninteresting, as the work which you or I would create
in our evening class – which is not to say that it is unimportant or useless,
but to acknowledge that simply having a mental illness does not make you an artist,
let alone a Van Gogh.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">However, the association between
mental illness and art is ancient.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Plato
thought of creativity as a “divine madness… a gift from the gods”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>William Shakespeare wrote “the lunatic, the
lover and the poet are of imagination all compact.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More recent research by Kay Redfield Jamison
shows how a very high proportion of eminent creative people, from Hans
Christian Anderson to Jackson Pollock had mood disorders – for example manic
depression.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In many cases, their
artistic work saved their lives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When
people are manic, they experience quickening of thought processes, fluency and
flexibility of thought and intensified sensation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At Harvard, Professor Albert Rothenberg has
studied the connection of creativity to psychosis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Translogical thinking, in other words being
able to bring together different ideas and cross boundaries, is often key to
original work in the arts. However, as the lives of Van Gogh and Sylvia Plath
and many others demonstrate demonstrate, there can be a thin line between
creation and destruction.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrn7wuALmpxYS6UqHIPskxInpToxr71m-_SBDf-J3g47zJbjcikMXLrcCpxGvhhoH_Rz0IyPzxlL8eBBXieSqa8bjxlNn3vcIFhyy6AMYhzs1Ng76q_abwxdxEJB4_63jwvSs5jXVWnK19/s320/bispo+boat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrn7wuALmpxYS6UqHIPskxInpToxr71m-_SBDf-J3g47zJbjcikMXLrcCpxGvhhoH_Rz0IyPzxlL8eBBXieSqa8bjxlNn3vcIFhyy6AMYhzs1Ng76q_abwxdxEJB4_63jwvSs5jXVWnK19/s320/bispo+boat.jpg" height="264" width="320" /></a><span lang="EN-US"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Whether prophets, poets or painters,
people with schizophrenia and manic depression have contributed hugely to our
culture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the world of theatre, it
seems appropriate to bring the thoughts of Antonin Artaud to bear.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After all, he spent time in mental
institutions himself, and knew of what he spoke when he said </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #131313; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">“This is why a
tainted society has invented psychiatry to defend itself against the
investigations of certain superior intellects whose faculties of divination
would be troublesome.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For Artaud, the
work of someone like Van Gogh was a way of “seriously upsetting the spectral
conformity of the bourgeoisie”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the
difference between Artaud and Arthur Bispo do Rosario is that the Bispo do
Rosario did not consider the hospital a prison.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Nor was he in revolt against it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Instead, he subverted it to his own ends.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only in hospital could he have been
recognized as Jesus Christ.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Artaud said
“No one has ever written, painted, sculpted, modeled, built, or invented except
literally to get out of hell.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But
Arthur Bispo do Rosario was different.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He did all his wonderful work in order to get into heaven.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Further reading</span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Terry Castle
<a href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n15/terry-castle/do-i-like-it">essay</a> on Outsider Art <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Extract from “The
Prisoner of Passage” <a href="http://vimeo.com/48514306">documentary</a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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